Apinae Melipona
Cytogenetic data
| Tribe | Species | Sample local | Country(ies) | Haploid(n) | Diploid(2n) | Karyotype | Notes | Genome size (pg) | Classic cytogenetic data | Molecular cytogenetic data | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Meliponini | Melipona amazonica | Iranduba, Amazonas | Brazil | 18 | 2k= 10metacentric + 6submetacentric + 2subtelocentric | 0.31 | Giemsa | Cunha et al. 2021 | |||
| Meliponini | Melipona asilvai | Pedra de Maria da Cruz, Minas Gerais; Santana do Seridó, Rio Grande do Norte | Brazil | 9 | 18 | 2k= 6metacentric + 10submetacentric + 2acrocentric | C-banding, Ag-NOR | DAPI/CMA3; FISH (microsatellite probes, ribosomal probe) | Rocha and Pompolo 1998 Rocha et al. 2002 Rocha et al. 2007 Travenzoli et al. 2019a Pereira et al. 2021a | ||
| Meliponini | Melipona asilvai | São João do Sabugi, Paraíba | Brazil | 0.26-0.29 | Tavares et al. 2010b Tavares et al. 2012 | ||||||
| Meliponini | Melipona bicolor | Cunha, São Paulo; Viçosa, Minas Gerais | Brazil | 9 | 18 | 2k= 6metacentric + 8submetacentric + 4acrocentric | 0.25-0.28 | C-banding | DAPI/CMA3; FISH (C0t-1 probe, microsatellite probes, ribosomal probe, repetitive probe) | Rocha and Pompolo 1998 Rocha et al. 2002 Tavares et al. 2010b Tavares et al. 2012 Andrade-Souza et al. 2018 Travenzoli et al. 2019a Cunha et al. 2020 Pereira et al. 2021a | |
| Meliponini | Melipona capixaba | Venda Nova do Imigrante, Espírito Santo | Brazil | 9 | 18 | high heterochromatin content species | C-banding | DAPI/CMA3 | Rocha and Pompolo 1998 Rocha et al. 2002 | ||
| Meliponini | Melipona capixaba | Domingos Martins, Espírito Santo | Brazil | 18 | high heterochromatin content species | 1.38 | FISH (microsatellite probes, ribosomal probe) | Tavares et al. 2010b Travenzoli et al. 2019a Pereira et al. 2021a | |||
| Meliponini | Melipona captiosa | Rio Branco, Acre | Brazil | 9 | 18 | high heterochromatin content species | C-banding | Rocha and Pompolo 1998 | |||
| Meliponini | Melipona crinita | Rio Branco, Xapuri, Acre | Brazil | 9 | 18 | high heterochromatin content species | 0.73 | C-banding | DAPI/CMA3; FISH (ribosomal probe) | Rocha et al. 2002 Tavares et al. 2010b Andrade-Souza et al. 2018 | |
| Meliponini | Melipona eburnea | Xapuri, Acre | Brazil | 1.11 | Tavares et al. 2010b | ||||||
| Meliponini | Melipona fasciculata | São Luis, Urbano Santos, Maranhão; Belém, Altamira, Pará | Brazil | 9 | 18 | high heterochromatin content species | as Melipona compressipes in Rochaetal2002 | 0.82-0.84 | C-banding | DAPI/CMA3; FISH (C0t-1 probe, microsatellite probes, ribosomal probe, repetitive probe) | Rocha et al. 2002 Lopes et al. 2011 Tavares et al. 2012 Andrade-Souza et al. 2018 Travenzoli et al. 2019a Cunha et al. 2020 Pereira et al. 2021a Cunha et al. 2021 Cunha et al. 2023a |
| Meliponini | Melipona fasciculata | Piripiri, Piauí | Brazil | as Melipona compressipes | 0.78 | Tavares et al. 2010b | |||||
| Meliponini | Melipona favosa | Locality not specified | Suriname | 9 | 18 | 2k= 12metacentric + 4submetacentric + 2acrocentric | Suriname (referred as Surinum) | C-banding | Hoshiba 1988 Hoshiba and Imai 1993 | ||
| Meliponini | Melipona flavolineata | Urbano Santos, Maranhão; Belém, Pará; Capixaba, Brasiléia, Xapuri, Acre | Brazil | 9 | 18 | high heterochromatin content species | 0.98 | C-banding | DAPI/CMA3; FISH (C0t-1 probe, microsatellite probes, ribosomal probe, repetitive probe) | Lopes et al. 2011 Tavares et al. 2012 Andrade-Souza et al. 2018 Travenzoli et al. 2019a Cunha et al. 2020 Pereira et al. 2021a | |
| Meliponini | Melipona fuliginosa | Urbano Santos, Maranhão | Brazil | 9 | 18 | high heterochromatin content species | C-banding | DAPI/CMA3; FISH (microsatellite probes, ribosomal probe) | Lopes et al. 2011 Travenzoli et al. 2019a Pereira et al. 2021a | ||
| Meliponini | Melipona fulva | Presidente Figueiredo, Amazonas | Brazil | 18 | high heterochromatin content species | Giemsa | FISH (C0t-1 probe, ribosomal probe, microsatellite probes) | Cunha et al. 2020 Cunha et al. 2021 Cunha et al. 2023a | |||
| Meliponini | Melipona fuscopilosa | Rio Branco and Xapuri, Acre | Brazil | 9 | 18 | high heterochromatin content species | 1.10 | C-banding | DAPI/CMA3; FISH (ribosomal probe) | Rocha and Pompolo 1998 Rocha et al. 2002 Tavares et al. 2010b Andrade-Souza et al. 2018 | |
| Meliponini | Melipona grandis | Xapuri, Acre | Brazil | 18 | high heterochromatin content species | 0.95 | DAPI/CMA3; FISH (ribosomal probe) | Tavares et al. 2010b Andrade-Souza et al. 2018 | |||
| Meliponini | Melipona interrupta | Manaus, Amazonas | Brazil | 9 | as Melipona compressipes manaosensis | Kerr 1972 | |||||
| Meliponini | Melipona interrupta | Iranduba, Itacoatiara, Amazonas | Brazil | 18 | high heterochromatin content species | 0.80 | C-banding | DAPI/CMA3; FISH (C0t-1 probe, microsatellite probes, ribosomal probe) | Travenzoli et al. 2019b Cunha et al. 2020 Cunha et al. 2021 | ||
| Meliponini | Melipona lateralis | Presidente Figueiredo, Amazonas | Brazil | 11 | 22 | high heterochromatin content species | 0.87 | Giemsa | FISH (C0t-1 probe, ribosomal probe, microsatellite probes) | Cunha et al. 2020 Cunha et al. 2021 Cunha et al. 2023a | |
| Meliponini | Melipona nebulosa | Xapuri, Acre | Brazil | 18 | high heterochromatin content species | DAPI/CMA3; FISH (ribosomal probe) | Andrade-Souza et al. 2018 | ||||
| Meliponini | Melipona mandacaia | Irecê, Uauá, Bahia | Brazil | 9 | 18 | 2k= 2metacentric + 14submetacentric + 2acrocentric; 2k= 4metacentric + 12submetacentric + 2acrocentric | 0.33-0.35 | C-banding | DAPI/CMA3; FISH (ribosomal probe) | Rocha et al. 2003b Tavares et al. 2010b Tavares et al. 2012 Pereira et al. 2021a | |
| Meliponini | Melipona marginata | Caeté, Viçosa, Minas Gerais | Brazil | 9 | 18 | C-banding, Ag-NOR | DAPI/CMA3 | Rocha and Pompolo 1998 Maffei et al. 2001 Rocha et al. 2002 | |||
| Meliponini | Melipona marginata | Cunha, São Paulo | Brazil | 0.28 | Tavares et al. 2010b | ||||||
| Meliponini | Melipona mondury | Diogo Vasconcelos, Itamarandiba, Rio Vermelho, Viçosa, Minas Gerais; Rio Bonito, Rio de Janeiro | Brazil | 9 | 18 | high heterochromatin content species | 0.94-0.95 | C-banding | DAPI/CMA3; FISH (C0t-1 probe, microsatellite probes, ribosomal probe, repetitive probe) | Lopes et al. 2008 Lopes et al. 2009 Tavares et al. 2012 Andrade-Souza et al. 2018 Travenzoli et al. 2019a Pereira et al. 2020 Cunha et al. 2020 Pereira et al. 2021a | |
| Meliponini | Melipona paraensis | Altamira, Pará | Brazil | 9 | 18 | high heterochromatin content species | C-banding | DAPI/CMA3; FISH (C0t-1 probe, microsatellite probes, ribosomal probe) | Cunha et al. 2018 Travenzoli et al. 2019a Cunha et al. 2020 Pereira et al. 2021a | ||
| Meliponini | Melipona puncticollis | Altamira, Pará | Brazil | 9 | 18 | 2k= 4metacentric + 12submetacentric + 2acrocentric | C-banding | DAPI/CMA3; FISH (C0t-1 probe, microsatellite probes, ribosomal probe, repetitive probe) | Cunha et al. 2018 Travenzoli et al. 2019a Cunha et al. 2020 Pereira et al. 2021a | ||
| Meliponini | Melipona quadrifasciata | Pocinhos do Rio Verde, Minas Gerais; Santana de Parnaiba, São Paulo | Brazil | 9 | 18 | as Melipona quadrifasciata anthidioides | G-banding | Kerr 1972 Tambasco et al. 1979 | |||
| Meliponini | Melipona quadrifasciata | Caeté, Viçosa, Minas Gerais; Brejo Grande, Sergipe | Brazil | 9 | 18 | 2k= 4metacentric + 12submetacentric + 2acrocentric | 0.25-0.27 | C-banding | DAPI/CMA3; FISH (C0t-1 probe, microsatellite probes, ribosomal probe, repetitive probes) | Rocha and Pompolo 1998 Rocha et al. 2002 Tavares et al. 2010b Silva et al. 2012 Tavares et al. 2012 Andrade-Souza et al. 2018 Travenzoli et al. 2019a Cunha et al. 2020 Pereira et al. 2021a Pereira et al. 2021b | |
| Meliponini | Melipona quinquefasciata | Ceará; Cristalina, Luizlândia, Goiás; Brasília, Distrito Federal; Bicas, Piumhi, Januária, Caeté, Minas Gerais | Brazil | 9 | 18 | 2k= 10metacentric + 6submetacentric + 2acrocentric; 2k= 8metacentric + 6submetacentric + 4subtelocentric | up to 4 B chromosomes have been described | 0.67-0.70 | C-banding | DAPI/CMA3; FISH (C0t-1 probe, microsatellite probes, ribosomal probe, repetitive probes) | Kerr 1972 Rocha et al. 2007 Tavares et al. 2010b Tavares et al. 2012 Silva et al. 2018 Travenzoli et al. 2019a Cunha et al. 2020 Pereira et al. 2021a Cunha et al. 2021 Cunha et al. 2023a |
| Meliponini | Melipona rufiventris | Guimarânia, Minas Gerais | Brazil | 9 | 18 | high heterochromatin content species | 1 B chromosome has been described | 0.93 | C-banding | DAPI/CMA3; FISH (C0t-1 probe, microsatellite probes, chromosome painting, ribosomal probe, repetitive probe) | Lopes et al. 2008 Lopes et al. 2009 Lopes et al. 2014 Travenzoli et al. 2019a Cunha et al. 2020 Pereira et al. 2021a |
| Meliponini | Melipona cf. rufiventris | Iranduba, Amazonas | Brazil | 18 | high heterochromatin content species | Giemsa | FISH (ribosomal probe, microsatellite probes) | Cunha et al. 2021 Cunha et al. 2023a | |||
| Meliponini | Melipona scutellaris | Ilhéus, Lençóis, Encruzilhada, Bahia; Rio Claro, São Paulo; Pilões, Paraíba | Brazil | 9 | 18 | high heterochromatin content species | 1.08 | C-banding | DAPI/CMA3; FISH (C0t-1 probe, ribosomal probe, U2 snDNA probe, microsatellite probes, repetitive probes) | Rocha and Pompolo 1998 Rocha et al. 2002 Tavares et al. 2010b Andrade-Souza et al. 2018 Piccoli et al. 2018 Travenzoli et al. 2019a Pereira et al. 2021a Cunha et al. 2021 Pereira et al. 2021b Cunha et al. 2023a | |
| Meliponini | Melipona seminigra | Rio Branco, Acre | Brazil | 22 | high heterochromatin content species | as Melipona seminigra abunensis | DAPI/CMA3; FISH (ribosomal probe) | Andrade-Souza et al. 2018 | |||
| Meliponini | Melipona seminigra | Nova Xavantina, Mato Grosso | Brazil | 0.85 | Tavares et al. 2010b | ||||||
| Meliponini | Melipona seminigra | Iranduba, Manaus, Amazonas | Brazil | 11 | 22 | high heterochromatin content species | as Melipona seminigra merrillae | 0.92 | C-banding, Ag-NOR | DAPI/CMA3; FISH (C0t-1 probe, ribosomal probe, microsatellite probes) | Francini et al. 2011 Cunha et al. 2018 Cunha et al. 2020 Barbosa et al. 2021 Cunha et al. 2021 |
| Meliponini | Melipona seminigra | Altamira, Santarém, Pará | Brazil | 11 | 22 | high heterochromatin content species | as Melipona seminigra pernigra | C-banding | DAPI/CMA3; FISH (ribosomal probe, microsatellite probes) | Cunha et al. 2018 Andrade-Souza et al. 2018 Travenzoli et al. 2019a Pereira et al. 2021a Cunha et al. 2023a | |
| Meliponini | Melipona subnitida | Mossoro, Santana do Seridó, Rio Grande do Norte | Brazil | 9 | 18 | 2k= 4metacentric + 10submetacentric + 4acrocentric | 0.27 | C-banding | DAPI/CMA3; FISH (microsatellite probes, ribosomal probe) | Kerr 1972 Rocha et al. 2002 Tavares et al. 2010b Travenzoli et al. 2019a Pereira et al. 2021a | |
| Meliponini | Melipona sp. | Brasília, Distrito Federal | Brazil | 18 | 2k= 10metacentric + 6submetacentric + 2acrocentric | Giemsa | FISH (ribosomal probe, microsatellite probes) | Cunha et al. 2021 Cunha et al. 2023a |
Chromosome classification: Levan et al. (1964): metacentric (m), submetacentric (sm), subtelocentric (st), or acrocentric (a). Imai (1991): metacentric (M) or acrocentric (A), with a variety of forms depending on the position of the heterochromatin on the karyotype.
You can download this data as csv.
Histogram
Bibliography
Andrade-Souza, V., Duarte, O.M.P., Martins, C.C.C., Santos, I.S., Costa, M.G.C., Costa, M.A. Comparative molecular cytogenetics in Melipona Illiger species (Hymenoptera, Apidae). Sociobiology, 65 : pp 696-705. 2018. DOI: [10.13102/sociobiology.v65i4.3480 https://doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v65i4.3480]
Barbosa, I.C.O., Schneider, C.H., Goll, L.G., Feldberg, E., Carvalho-Zilse, G.A. Chromosomal mapping of repetitive DNA in Melipona seminigra merrillae Cockerell, 1919 (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Meliponini). Comparative Cytogenetics, 15 : pp 77-87. 2021. DOI: [10.3897/compcytogen.v15.i1.56430 https://doi.org/10.3897/compcytogen.v15.i1.56430]
Pereira, J.A., Salomão, T.M.F., Lopes, D.M. Different repetitive DNA sequences make up heterochromatin in Meliponini. Apidologie, 51 : pp 855-860. 2020. DOI: [10.1007/s13592-020-00766-1 https://doi.org/10.1007/s13592-020-00766-1]
Pereira, J.A., Travenzoli, N.M., Oliveira, M.P., Werneck, H.A., Fernandes-Salomão, T.M., Lopes, D.M. Molecular cytogenetics in the study of repetitive sequences helping to understand the evolution of heterochromatin in Melipona (Hymenoptera, Meliponini). Genetica, 149 : pp 55-62. 2021a. DOI: [10.1007/s10709-020-00111-5 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10709-020-00111-5]
Pereira, J.A., Milani, D., Ferretti, A.B.S.M., Bardella, V.B., Cabral-de-Mello, D.C., Lopes, D.M. The extensive amplification of heterochromatin in Melipona bees revealed by high throughput genomic and chromosomal analysis. Chromosoma, 130 : pp 251-262. 2021b. DOI: [10.1007/s00412-021-00764-x https://doi.org/10.1007/s00412-021-00764-x]
Piccoli, M.C.A., Bardella, V.B., Cabral-de-Mello, D.C. Repetitive DNAs in Melipona scutellaris (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Meliponidae): chromosomal distribution and test of multiple heterochromatin amplification in the genus. Apidologie, 49 : pp 497-504. 2018. DOI: [10.1007/s13592-018-0577-z https://doi.org/10.1007/s13592-018-0577-z]
Rocha, M.P., Pompolo, S.G. Karyotypes and heterochromatin variation (C-bands) in Melipona species (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Meliponinae). Genetics and Molecular Biology, 21 : pp . 1998. DOI: [10.1590/S1415-47571998000100008 https://doi.org/10.1590/S1415-47571998000100008]
Rocha, M.P., Pompolo, S.G., Dergam, J.A., Fernandes, A., Campos, L.A.O. DNA characterization and karyotypic evolution in the bee genus Melipona (Hymenoptera, Meliponini). Hereditas, 136 : pp 19-27. 2002. DOI: [10.1034/j.1601-5223.2002.1360104.x https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1601-5223.2002.1360104.x]
Cunha, M.S., Travenzoli, N.M., Ferreira, R.D.P., Cassinela, E.K., Silva, H.B.D., Oliveira, F.P.M., Salomão, T.M.F., Lopes, D.M. Comparative cytogenetics in three Melipona species (Hymenoptera: Apidae) with two divergent heterochromatic patterns. Genetics and Molecular Biology, 41 : pp 806-813. 2018. DOI: [10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2017-0330 https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2017-0330]
Cunha, M.S., Campos, L.A.O., Lopes, D.M. Insights into the heterochromatin evolution in the genus Melipona (Apidae: Meliponini). Insectes Sociaux, 67 : pp 391-398. 2020. DOI: [10.1007/s00040-020-00773-6 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00040-020-00773-6]
Cunha, M.S., Soares, F.A.F., Clarindo, W.R., Campos, L.A.O., Lopes, D.M. Robertsonian rearrangements in Neotropical Meliponini karyotype evolution (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Meliponini). Insect Molecular Biology, 30 : pp 379-389. 2021. DOI: [10.1111/imb.12702 https://doi.org/10.1111/imb.12702]
Rocha, M.P., Pompolo, S.G., Fernandes, A., Campos, L.A.O. Melipona: Six decade of cytogenetic. Bioscience Journal, 23 : pp 111-117. 2007
Cunha, M.S., Garcia, M.V.B., Campos, L.A.O., Lopes, D.M. Cytotaxonomy and karyotype evolution in Neotropical Meliponini (Hymenoptera: Apidae) inferred by chromosomal mapping of 18S rDNA and five microsatellites. Journal of Apicultural Research, : pp . 2023a. DOI: [10.1080/00218839.2023.2179228 https://doi.org/10.1080/00218839.2023.2179228]
Rocha, M.P., Cruz, M.P., Fernandes, A., Waldschmidt, A.M., Silva-Junior, J.C., Pompolo, S.G. Longitudinal differentiation in Melipona mandacaia (Hymenoptera, Meliponini) chromosomes. Hereditas, 138 : pp 133-137. 2003b. DOI: [10.1034/j.1601-5223.2003.01699.x https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1601-5223.2003.01699.x]
Silva, W.R.T., Araújo, E.D., Scher, R. Caracterização do cariótipo de uma população de abelhas Melipona quadrifasciata (Hymenoptera: Meliponini), no município de Brejo Grande/Se. Scientia Plena, 8 : pp 1-6. 2012
Silva, A.A., Rocha, M.P., Pompolo, S.G., Campos, L.A.O., Tavares, M.G. Karyotypic description of the stingless bee Melipona quinquefasciata Lepeletier, 1836 (Hymenoptera, Meliponini) with emphasis on the presence of B chromosomes. Comparative Cytogenetics, 12 : pp 471-482. 2018. DOI: [10.3897/CompCytogen.v12i4.29165 https://doi.org/10.3897/CompCytogen.v12i4.29165]
Tambasco, A.J., Giannoni, M.A., Azevedo-Moreira, L.M. Analyses of G-bands in chromosomes of the Melipona quadrifasciata anthidioides Lepeletier (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Meliponinae). Cytologia, 44 : pp 21-27. 1979. DOI: [10.1508/cytologia.44.21 https://doi.org/10.1508/cytologia.44.21]
Tavares, M.G., Carvalho, C.R., Soares, F.A.F. Genome size variation in Melipona species (Hymenoptera: Apidae) and sub-grouping by their DNA content. Apidologie, 41 : pp 636-642. 2010b. DOI: [10.1051/apido/20010023 https://doi.org/10.1051/apido/20010023]
Tavares, M.G., Carvalho, C.R., Soares, F.A.F., Campos, L.A.O. Genome size diversity in stingless bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae, Meliponini). Apidologie, 43 : pp 731-736. 2012. DOI: [10.1007/s13592-012-0145-x https://doi.org/10.1007/s13592-012-0145-x]
Francini, I.B., Gross, M.C., Nunes-Silva, C.G., Carvalho-Zilse, G.A. Cytogenetic analysis of the Amazon stingless bee Melipona seminigra merrillae reveals different chromosome number for the genus. Scientia Agricola, 68 : pp 592-593. 2011. DOI: [10.1590/S0103-90162011000500012 https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-90162011000500012]
Travenzoli, N.M., Lima, B.A., Cardoso, D.C., Dergam, J.A., Fernandes-Salomão, T.M., Lopes, D.M. Cytogenetic analysis and chromosomal mapping of repetitive DNA in Melipona species (Hymenoptera, Meliponini). Cytogenetic and Genome Research, 158 : pp 213-224. 2019a. DOI: [10.1159/000501754 https://doi.org/10.1159/000501754]
Travenzoli, N.M., Barbosa, I.C.O., Carvalho-Zilse, G.A., Salomão, T.M.F., Lopes, D.M. Karyotypic description and repetitive DNA chromosome mapping of Melipona interrupta Latreille, 1811 (Hymenoptera: Meliponini). Caryologia, 72 : pp 91-95. 2019b. DOI: [10.13128/cayologia-239 https://doi.org/10.13128/cayologia-239]
Hoshiba, H. Karyological analysis of a stingless bee, Melipona favosa (Apidae, Hymenoptera). Cytologia, 53 : pp 153-156. 1988. DOI: [10.1508/cytologia.53.153 https://doi.org/10.1508/cytologia.53.153]
Hoshiba, H., Imai, H. Chromosome evolution of bees and wasps (Hymenoptera, Apocrita) on the basis of C-banding pattern analyses. Japanese Journal of Entomology, 61 : pp 465-492. 1993
Kerr, W.E. Numbers of chromosomes in some species of bees. Journal of the Kansas Entomological society, 45 : pp 111-122. 1972
Lopes, D.M., Pompolo, S.G., Campos, L.A.O., Tavares, M.G. Cytogenetic characterization of Melipona rufiventris Lepeletier 1836 and Melipona mondury Smith 1863 (Hymenoptera, Apidae) by C banding and fluorochromes staining. Genetics and Molecular Biology, 31 : pp 49-52. 2008. DOI: [10.1590/S1415-47572008000100010 https://doi.org/10.1590/S1415-47572008000100010]
Lopes, D.M., Carvalho, C.R., Clarindo, W.R., Praça, M.M., Tavares, M.G. Genome size estimation of three stingless bee species (Hymenoptera, Meliponinae) by flow cytometry. Apidologie, 40 : pp 517-523. 2009. DOI: [10.1051/apido/2009030 https://doi.org/10.1051/apido/2009030]
Lopes, D.M., Fernandes, A., Praça-Fontes, M.M., Werneck, H.D.A., Resende, H.C., Campos, L.A.O. Cytogenetics of three Melipona species (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Meliponini). Sociobiology, 58 : pp 185-194. 2011
Lopes, D.M., Fernandes, A., Diniz, D., Scudeler, P.E.S., Foresti, F., Campos, L.A.O. Similarity of heterochromatic regions in the stingless bees (Hymenoptera: Meliponini) revealed by chromosome painting. Caryologia, 67 : pp 222-226. 2014. DOI: [10.1080/0144235X.2014.974349 https://doi.org/10.1080/0144235X.2014.974349]
Maffei, E.M.D., Pompolo, S.G., Silva-Jr, J.C., Caixeiro, A.P.A., Rocha, M.P., Dergam, J.A. Silver staining of nucleolar organizer regions (NORs) in some species of Hymenoptera (bees and parasitic wasps) and Coleoptera (lady beetle). Cytobios, 104 : pp 119-125. 2001