Apinae

Cytogenetic data

Tribe	Species	Sample local	Country(ies)	Haploid(n)	Diploid(2n)	Karyotype	Notes	Genome size (pg)	Classic cytogenetic data	Molecular cytogenetic data	References
Anthophorini	Anthophora plumipes	Matsue, Shimane	Japan	9	18	k= 1acrocentric + 8metacentric	as Anthophora acervorum villosula		C-banding		Hoshiba and Imai 1993
Apini	Apis cerana	Bangkok	Thailand					0.19			Jordan and Brosemer 1974 Ardila-Garcia et al. 2010
Apini	Apis cerana	Machida, Tokyo	Japan	16	32	all metacentric or submetacentric	as Apis cerana japonica		C-banding; G-banding		Hoshiba et al. 1981 Hoshiba and Okada 1986 Hoshiba and Imai 1993
Apini	Apis cerana	Mahabaleshwar	India	16	32	k= 4metacentric + 4submetacentric + 8subtelocentric	as Apis indica				Deodikar et al. 1959
Apini	Apis cerana	University of Peradeniya	Sri Lanka	16							Fahrenhorst 1977
Apini	Apis dorsata	University of Peradeniya	Sri Lanka	16							Fahrenhorst 1977
Apini	Apis florea	University of Peradeniya	Sri Lanka	16							Fahrenhorst 1977
Apini	Apis mellifera	University of Peradeniya	Sri Lanka	16							Fahrenhorst 1977
Apini	Apis mellifera	Itabashi-ku, Tokyo	Japan	16	32	all metacentric or submetacentric	as Apis mellifera ligustica		C-banding; G-banding		Hoshiba and Kusanagi 1978 Hoshiba 1984a Hoshiba 1984b Hoshiba and Okada 1986 Hoshiba and Imai 1993
Apini	Apis mellifera	Guelph, Ontario	Canada	16	32			0.24			HoneybeeGenomeSequencingConsortium 2006 Ardila-Garcia et al. 2010
Apini	Apis mellifera	Locality not specified	Germany	16						FISH (ribosomal probe, TTAGG probe)	Beye and Moritz 1993 Sahara et al. 1999
Apini	Apis mellifera	Banat, Timok and Syenichko–Peshterski	Serbia		32		as Apis mellifera carnica		G-banding		Stanimirovic et al. 2005
Bombini	Bombus affinis	Locality not specified	North America	18							Owen 1983
Bombini	Bombus appositus	Alberta	Canada	16							Owen et al. 1995
Bombini	Bombus ardens	Higashimatsuyama, Saitama; Itabashi-ku, Tokyo	Japan	18		k= 7pseudo-acrocentric + 2acrocentric + 9metacentric			C-banding		Hoshiba and Imai 1993
Bombini	Bombus ashtoni	Locality not specified	North America	25			as Psithyrus ashtoni				Owen 1983
Bombini	Bombus bimaculatus	Guelph, Ontario	Canada					0.34			Ardila-Garcia et al. 2010
Bombini	Bombus bimaculatus	Ontario	Canada	18							Owen 1983 Owen et al. 1995
Bombini	Bombus borealis	Ontario	Canada	16	32						Owen et al. 1995
Bombini	Bombus californicus	Alberta	Canada	19							Owen et al. 1995
Bombini	Bombus citrinus	Ontario	Canada	26			as Psithyrus citrinus				Owen et al. 1995
Bombini	Bombus consobrinus	Fuji, Shizuoka	Japan	19	38	presence of polimorphic chromosomes with different C-banding patterns	as Bombus consobrinus wittenburgi		C-banding		Hoshiba and Imai 1993
Bombini	Bombus cryptarum	Alberta	Canada	18			As Bombus (Bombus) moderatus				Owen et al. 1995
Bombini	Bombus deuteronymus	Fuji, Shizuoka	Japan	23	46	presence of polimorphic chromosomes with different C-banding patterns	as Bombus deuteronymus maruhanabachi		C-banding		Hoshiba and Imai 1993
Bombini	Bombus diversus	Cape Ochiishi, Hokkaido; Lake Yamanaka, Yamanashi	Japan	18		k= 2pseudo-acrocentric + 8acrocentric + 8metacentric			C-banding		Hoshiba and Imai 1993
Bombini	Bombus ephippiatus	Locality not specified	North America	18							Owen 1983
Bombini	Bombus fervidus	Ontario	Canada	18	36						Owen et al. 1995
Bombini	Bombus griseocollis	Ontario	Canada	18							Owen 1983 Owen et al. 1995
Bombini	Bombus hypocrita	Fuji, Shizuoka	Japan	18		k= 5pseudo-acrocentric + 2acrocentric + 11metacentric			C-banding		Hoshiba and Imai 1993
Bombini	Bombus honshuensis	Lake Yamanaka, Yamanashi	Japan	17	34	k= 3pseudo-acrocentric + 3acrocentric + 11metacentric			C-banding		Hoshiba and Imai 1993
Bombini	Bombus huntii	Alberta	Canada	18							Owen et al. 1995
Bombini	Bombus ignitus	Tsu, Mie; Tochigi Pref	Japan	18		k= 4pseudo-acrocentric + 3acrocentric + 11metacentric			C-banding		Hoshiba and Imai 1993
Bombini	Bombus impatiens	Guelph, Ontario	Canada					0.47			Ardila-Garcia et al. 2010
Bombini	Bombus impatiens	Locality not specified						0.52			Hanrahan and Johnston 2011
Bombini	Bombus impatiens	Ontario	Canada	18							Owen 1983 Owen et al. 1995
Bombini	Bombus melanopygus	Locality not specified	North America	18							Owen 1983
Bombini	Bombus mixtus	Locality not specified	North America	18							Owen 1983
Bombini	Bombus morio	Locality not specified		20							Kerr and Silveira 1972
Bombini	Bombus nevadensis	Alberta	Canada	17-18							Owen 1983
Bombini	Bombus occidentalis	Locality not specified						0.46			Hanrahan and Johnston 2011
Bombini	Bombus occidentalis	Alberta	Canada	18							Owen et al. 1995
Bombini	Bombus pauloensis	Locality not specified		20	40		as Bombus (Fervidobombus) atratus				Kerr and Silveira 1972 Garófalo and Kerr 1975
Bombini	Bombus pennsylvanicus	Ontario	Canada		36						Owen et al. 1995
Bombini	Bombus perplexus	Ontario	Canada	12							Owen 1983 Owen et al. 1995
Bombini	Bombus pseudobaicalensis	Cape Ochiishi and Kawakami, Hokkaido	Japan	17	34	k= 3pseudo-acrocentric + 2acrocentric + 12metacentric			C-banding		Hoshiba and Imai 1993
Bombini	Bombus rufocinctus	Ontario	Canada	18							Owen 1983 Owen et al. 1995
Bombini	Bombus schrencki	Cape Ochiishi, Hokkaido	Japan	17	34	k= 17metacentric			C-banding		Hoshiba and Imai 1993
Bombini	Bombus sitkensis	Locality not specified	North America	18							Owen 1983
Bombini	Bombus ternarius	Locality not specified	North America	18							Owen 1983
Bombini	Bombus terrestris	Tokyo	Japan	18	36						Ayabe et al. 2004
Bombini	Bombus terrestris	Basel or Winterthur or Zürich	Switzerland	18				0.42 - 0.64			Gadau et al. 2001 Wilfert et al. 2006 Gregory et al. 2007 Stolle et al. 2011
Bombini	Bombus terricola	Ontario	Canada	18							Owen 1983 Owen et al. 1995
Bombini	Bombus ussurensis	Fuji, Shizuoka	Japan	18		k= 3pseudo-acrocentric + 2acrocentric + 13metacentric			C-banding		Hoshiba and Imai 1993
Bombini	Bombus vagans	Ontario	Canada	18							Owen 1983 Owen et al. 1995
Bombini	Bombus vosnesenskii	Locality not specified	North America	18							Owen 1983
Emphorini	Melitoma segmentaria	Viçosa, Minas Gerais	Brazil	15	30	2k= 28pseudo-acrocentric + 2metacentric			C-banding, Ag-NOR	DAPI/CMA3	Cristiano et al. 2014
Eucerini	Melissodes desponsa	Guelph, Ontario	Canada					0.52			Ardila-Garcia et al. 2010
Eucerini	Melissodes illata	Guelph, Ontario	Canada					0.37			Ardila-Garcia et al. 2010
Euglossini	Eufriesea violacea	Viçosa, Minas Gerais	Brazil	15	30	2k= 30submetacentric			C-banding, G-banding		Gomes et al. 1998
Euglossini	Euglossa cordata	Cataguases, Minas Gerais	Brazil	21	42	2k= 42submetacentric	as Euglossa carolina		C-banding	DAPI/CMA3	Fernandes et al. 2013a
Euglossini	Euglossa cyanaspis	Panama City	Panama	21		k= 21submetacentric					Eltz et al. 1997
Euglossini	Euglossa hyacinthina	Province Chiriqui	Panama	20	40	k= 20submetacentric					Eltz et al. 1997
Euglossini	Euglossa sp.	Viçosa, Minas Gerais	Brazil	21					Ag-NOR		Maffei et al. 2001
Euglossini	Euglossa townsendi	Viçosa, Minas Gerais	Brazil	21	42	2k= 42submetacentric			C-banding, G-banding	DAPI/CMA3	Fernandes et al. 2013a
Exomalopsini	Exomalopsis auropilosa	Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo	Brazil	9			as Exomalopsis (Exomalopsis) aureopilosa				Kerr 1972
Isepeolini	Isepeolus viperinus	Curitiba, Paraná	Brazil	16							Kerr 1972
Meliponini	Austroplebeia australis	Sidney	Australia		36				C-banding	FISH (ribosomal probe, repetitive probe, microsatellite probes)	Pereira et al. 2020 Travenzoli et al. 2022
Meliponini	Camargoia nordestina	Brejo da Conceição, Piauí	Brazil		34	2k= 22acrocentric + 12pseudo-acrocentric			C-banding		Rocha et al. 2003a
Meliponini	Celetrigona longicornis	Nova Xavantina, Mato Grosso	Brazil		30	2k= 18metacentric + 12submetacentric		0.46-0.49	Giemsa	FISH (ribosomal probe, microsatellite probes)	Tavares et al. 2012 Cunha et al. 2021 Cunha et al. 2023a
Meliponini	Cephalotrigona capitata	Piranga, Viçosa, Minas Gerais	Brazil		34	2k= 18acrocentric + 16pseudo-acrocentric; 2k= 30metacentric + 4acrocentric			C-banding	DAPI/CMA3; FISH ( ribosomal probe, microsatellite probes)	Rocha et al. 2003a Cunha et al. 2021 Tavares et al. 2023 Cunha et al. 2023a
Meliponini	Cephalotrigona femorata	Urbano Santos, Maranhão	Brazil		34	2k= 34pseudo-acrocentric; 2k= 24metacentric + 6submetacentric + 4subtelocentric		0.55	C-banding	DAPI/CMA3; FISH (ribosomal probe, microsatellite probes)	Tavares et al. 2012 Miranda et al. 2013 Cunha et al. 2021 Cunha et al. 2023a
Meliponini	Cleptotrigona cubiceps	Zango and Luanda	Angola	18			as Lestrimelitta cubiceps				Kerr and Araujo 1957
Meliponini	Dactylurina staudingeri	Ilonga	Tanzânia	17							Kerr 1972
Meliponini	Duckeola ghiliani	Presidente Figueiredo, Manaus, Amazonas	Brazil	15	30	2k= 14metacentric + 12submetacentric + 4subtelocentric	as Frieseomelitta (Duckeola) ghiliani	0.48	Giemsa	FISH (ribosomal probe, microsatellite probes)	Kerr 1972 Cunha et al. 2021 Cunha et al. 2023a
Meliponini	Friesella schrottkyi	Pedregulho, Cunha, São Paulo; Viçosa, Rio Paranaíba, Minas Gerais	Brazil		34	2k= 10metacentric + 12submetacentric + 12subtelocentric		0.42-0.44	C-banding	DAPI/CMA3; FISH (microsatellite and ribosomal probes)	Tavares et al. 2012 Elizeu et al. 2021
Meliponini	Frieseomelitta dispar	Ilhéus, Jequié, Bahia	Brazil	15	30	2k= 6metacentric + 4acrocentric + 20pseudo-acrocentric			C-banding	DAPI/CMA3; FISH (microsatellite probes)	Carvalho and Costa 2011 Santos et al. 2018
Meliponini	Frieseomelitta doederleini	Santana do Seridó, Rio Grande do Norte; Canavieiras, Bahia	Brazil		30	2k= 4metacentric + 4acrocentric + 22pseudo-acrocentric			C-banding	DAPI/CMA3	Rocha et al. 2003a Nascimento et al. 2020
Meliponini	Frieseomelitta doederleini	Nova Ibiá, Bahia	Brazil		30	2k = 4metacentric + 4acrocentric + 22pseudo-acrocentric			C-banding	DAPI/CMA3; FISH (microsatellite probes)	Santos et al. 2018
Meliponini	Frieseomelitta francoi	Cairu and Santa Inês, Bahia	Brazil	15	30	2k= 6metacentric + 4acrocentric + 20pseudo-acrocentric			C-banding	DAPI/CMA3; FISH (microsatellite probes)	Carvalho and Costa 2011 Santos et al. 2018
Meliponini	Frieseomelitta languida	Arcos, Divinópolis, Minas Gerais	Brazil		30	2k= 4metacentric + 4acrocentric + 22pseudo-acrocentric; 2k= 14metacentric + 14submetacentric + 2subtelocentric			C-banding	FISH (ribosomal probe, microsatellite probes)	Rocha et al. 2003a Rocha et al. 2003a Cunha et al. 2021 Cunha et al. 2023a
Meliponini	Frieseomelitta longipes	Belém, Pará	Brazil		34	2k= 8metacentric + 12acrocentric + 14pseudo-acrocentric				DAPI/CMA3	Nascimento et al. 2020
Meliponini	Frieseomelitta meadewaldoi	Nova Ibiá, Bahia	Brazil		30	2k = 8metacentric + 4acrocentric + 18pseudo-acrocentric			C-banding	DAPI/CMA3; FISH (microsatellite probes)	Santos et al. 2018 Santos et al. 2018
Meliponini	Frieseomelitta portoi	Rio Branco, Acre	Brazil		30	2k = 4metacentric + 26acrocentric				DAPI/CMA3	Nascimento et al. 2020
Meliponini	Frieseomelitta sp. n.	Jequié, Bahia	Brazil		30	2k = 4metacentric + 4acrocentric + 22pseudo-acrocentric		0.44	C-banding	DAPI/CMA3; FISH (microsatellite probes)	Tavares et al. 2012 Santos et al. 2018
Meliponini	Frieseomelitta sp.	Brasília, Distrito Federal	Brazil		30	2k = 18metacentric + 10submetacentric + 2subtelocentric			Giemsa	FISH (ribosomal probe, microsatellite probes)	Cunha et al. 2021 Cunha et al. 2023a
Meliponini	Frieseomelitta sp.1	Presidente Figueiredo, Amazonas	Brazil		30	2k = 20metacentric + 10submetacentric		0.54	Giemsa	FISH (ribosomal probe, microsatellite probes)	Cunha et al. 2021 Cunha et al. 2023a
Meliponini	Frieseomelitta sp.2	Iranduba, Amazonas	Brazil		30	2k = 20metacentric + 10submetacentric			Giemsa	FISH (ribosomal probe, microsatellite probes)	Cunha et al. 2021 Cunha et al. 2023a
Meliponini	Frieseomelitta trichocerata	Juína, Mato Grosso	Brazil		30	2k = 6metacentric + 20acrocentric + 4pseudo-acrocentric				DAPI/CMA3	Nascimento et al. 2020
Meliponini	Frieseomelitta varia	Divinópolis, Uberlândia, Lontra, Viçosa, Minas Gerais	Brazil		30	2k= 4metacentric + 4acrocentric + 22pseudo-acrocentric; 2k= 16metacentric + 12submetacentric + 2subtelocentric			C-banding	DAPI/CMA3; FISH (ribosomal probe, microsatellite probes, repetitive probe)	Rocha et al. 2003a Santos et al. 2018 Pereira et al. 2020 Cunha et al. 2023a
Meliponini	Frieseomelitta varia	Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo; Bocaiúva, Minas Gerais	Brazil					0.46-0.48			Tavares et al. 2012
Meliponini	Geotrigona mombuca	Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo	Brazil	15		k= 2metacentric + 6acrocentric + 7pseudo-acrocentric			C-banding		Rocha et al. 2003a
Meliponini	Geotrigona subterranea	Passos, Lontra, Minas Gerais	Brazil		34	k= 14metacentric + 10submetacentric + 10subtelocentric		0.83	Giemsa	FISH (ribosomal probe, microsatellite probes)	Cunha et al. 2021 Cunha et al. 2023a
Meliponini	Hypotrigona gribodoi	Luanda; Massinga	Angola; Moçambique	14 or 15			as Hypotrigona brausi				Kerr 1972 Kerr and Silveira 1972
Meliponini	Lestrimelitta limao	Divinópolis, Minas Gerais	Brazil		28	2k= 6metacentric + 6acrocentric + 16pseudo-acrocentric; 2k= 18metacentric + 10submetacentric			C-banding	FISH (ribosomal probe, microsatellite probes)	Rocha et al. 2003a Cunha et al. 2021 Cunha et al. 2023a
Meliponini	Lestrimelitta sp.	Domingos Martins, Espírito Santo	Brazil		28	2k= 18metacentric + 10submetacentric		0.463	Giemsa	FISH (ribosomal probe, microsatellite probes)	Tavares et al. 2010a Cunha et al. 2021 Cunha et al. 2023a
Meliponini	Lestrimelitta sulina	Lavras, Minas Gerais	Brazil					0.53			Cunha et al. 2021
Meliponini	Leurotrigona muelleri	Passos, Senador Mourão, Minas Gerais; Cajuru, São Paulo; Itacajá, Tocantins	Brazil	8	16	2k= 14metacentric + 2acrocentric		0.35	C-banding	FISH (ribosomal probe, microsatellite probes)	Pompolo and Campos 1995 Cunha et al. 2021 Cunha et al. 2023a
Meliponini	Leurotrigona muelleri	Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo	Brazil					0.31-0.32			Tavares et al. 2012
Meliponini	Leurotrigona pusilla	Manaus, Amazonas	Brazil		30	2k= 10metacentric + 14submetacentric + 6acrocentric			C-banding		Pompolo and Campos 1995
Meliponini	Melipona amazonica	Iranduba, Amazonas	Brazil		18	2k= 10metacentric + 6submetacentric + 2subtelocentric		0.31	Giemsa		Cunha et al. 2021
Meliponini	Melipona asilvai	Pedra de Maria da Cruz, Minas Gerais; Santana do Seridó, Rio Grande do Norte	Brazil	9	18	2k= 6metacentric + 10submetacentric + 2acrocentric			C-banding, Ag-NOR	DAPI/CMA3; FISH (microsatellite probes, ribosomal probe)	Rocha and Pompolo 1998 Rocha et al. 2002 Rocha et al. 2007 Travenzoli et al. 2019a Pereira et al. 2021a
Meliponini	Melipona asilvai	São João do Sabugi, Paraíba	Brazil					0.26-0.29			Tavares et al. 2010b Tavares et al. 2012
Meliponini	Melipona bicolor	Cunha, São Paulo; Viçosa, Minas Gerais	Brazil	9	18	2k= 6metacentric + 8submetacentric + 4acrocentric		0.25-0.28	C-banding	DAPI/CMA3; FISH (C0t-1 probe, microsatellite probes, ribosomal probe, repetitive probe)	Rocha and Pompolo 1998 Rocha et al. 2002 Tavares et al. 2010b Tavares et al. 2012 Andrade-Souza et al. 2018 Travenzoli et al. 2019a Cunha et al. 2020 Pereira et al. 2021a
Meliponini	Melipona capixaba	Venda Nova do Imigrante, Espírito Santo	Brazil	9	18	high heterochromatin content species			C-banding	DAPI/CMA3	Rocha and Pompolo 1998 Rocha et al. 2002
Meliponini	Melipona capixaba	Domingos Martins, Espírito Santo	Brazil		18	high heterochromatin content species		1.38		FISH (microsatellite probes, ribosomal probe)	Tavares et al. 2010b Travenzoli et al. 2019a Pereira et al. 2021a
Meliponini	Melipona captiosa	Rio Branco, Acre	Brazil	9	18	high heterochromatin content species			C-banding		Rocha and Pompolo 1998
Meliponini	Melipona crinita	Rio Branco, Xapuri, Acre	Brazil	9	18	high heterochromatin content species		0.73	C-banding	DAPI/CMA3; FISH (ribosomal probe)	Rocha et al. 2002 Tavares et al. 2010b Andrade-Souza et al. 2018
Meliponini	Melipona eburnea	Xapuri, Acre	Brazil					1.11			Tavares et al. 2010b
Meliponini	Melipona fasciculata	São Luis, Urbano Santos, Maranhão; Belém, Altamira, Pará	Brazil	9	18	high heterochromatin content species	as Melipona compressipes in Rochaetal2002	0.82-0.84	C-banding	DAPI/CMA3; FISH (C0t-1 probe, microsatellite probes, ribosomal probe, repetitive probe)	Rocha et al. 2002 Lopes et al. 2011 Tavares et al. 2012 Andrade-Souza et al. 2018 Travenzoli et al. 2019a Cunha et al. 2020 Pereira et al. 2021a Cunha et al. 2021 Cunha et al. 2023a
Meliponini	Melipona fasciculata	Piripiri, Piauí	Brazil				as Melipona compressipes	0.78			Tavares et al. 2010b
Meliponini	Melipona favosa	Locality not specified	Suriname	9	18	2k= 12metacentric + 4submetacentric + 2acrocentric	Suriname (referred as Surinum)		C-banding		Hoshiba 1988 Hoshiba and Imai 1993
Meliponini	Melipona flavolineata	Urbano Santos, Maranhão; Belém, Pará; Capixaba, Brasiléia, Xapuri, Acre	Brazil	9	18	high heterochromatin content species		0.98	C-banding	DAPI/CMA3; FISH (C0t-1 probe, microsatellite probes, ribosomal probe, repetitive probe)	Lopes et al. 2011 Tavares et al. 2012 Andrade-Souza et al. 2018 Travenzoli et al. 2019a Cunha et al. 2020 Pereira et al. 2021a
Meliponini	Melipona fuliginosa	Urbano Santos, Maranhão	Brazil	9	18	high heterochromatin content species			C-banding	DAPI/CMA3; FISH (microsatellite probes, ribosomal probe)	Lopes et al. 2011 Travenzoli et al. 2019a Pereira et al. 2021a
Meliponini	Melipona fulva	Presidente Figueiredo, Amazonas	Brazil		18	high heterochromatin content species			Giemsa	FISH (C0t-1 probe, ribosomal probe, microsatellite probes)	Cunha et al. 2020 Cunha et al. 2021 Cunha et al. 2023a
Meliponini	Melipona fuscopilosa	Rio Branco and Xapuri, Acre	Brazil	9	18	high heterochromatin content species		1.10	C-banding	DAPI/CMA3; FISH (ribosomal probe)	Rocha and Pompolo 1998 Rocha et al. 2002 Tavares et al. 2010b Andrade-Souza et al. 2018
Meliponini	Melipona grandis	Xapuri, Acre	Brazil		18	high heterochromatin content species		0.95		DAPI/CMA3; FISH (ribosomal probe)	Tavares et al. 2010b Andrade-Souza et al. 2018
Meliponini	Melipona interrupta	Manaus, Amazonas	Brazil	9			as Melipona compressipes manaosensis				Kerr 1972
Meliponini	Melipona interrupta	Iranduba, Itacoatiara, Amazonas	Brazil		18	high heterochromatin content species		0.80	C-banding	DAPI/CMA3; FISH (C0t-1 probe, microsatellite probes, ribosomal probe)	Travenzoli et al. 2019b Cunha et al. 2020 Cunha et al. 2021
Meliponini	Melipona lateralis	Presidente Figueiredo, Amazonas	Brazil	11	22	high heterochromatin content species		0.87	Giemsa	FISH (C0t-1 probe, ribosomal probe, microsatellite probes)	Cunha et al. 2020 Cunha et al. 2021 Cunha et al. 2023a
Meliponini	Melipona nebulosa	Xapuri, Acre	Brazil		18	high heterochromatin content species				DAPI/CMA3; FISH (ribosomal probe)	Andrade-Souza et al. 2018
Meliponini	Melipona mandacaia	Irecê, Uauá, Bahia	Brazil	9	18	2k= 2metacentric + 14submetacentric + 2acrocentric; 2k= 4metacentric + 12submetacentric + 2acrocentric		0.33-0.35	C-banding	DAPI/CMA3; FISH (ribosomal probe)	Rocha et al. 2003b Tavares et al. 2010b Tavares et al. 2012 Pereira et al. 2021a
Meliponini	Melipona marginata	Caeté, Viçosa, Minas Gerais	Brazil	9	18				C-banding, Ag-NOR	DAPI/CMA3	Rocha and Pompolo 1998 Maffei et al. 2001 Rocha et al. 2002
Meliponini	Melipona marginata	Cunha, São Paulo	Brazil					0.28			Tavares et al. 2010b
Meliponini	Melipona mondury	Diogo Vasconcelos, Itamarandiba, Rio Vermelho, Viçosa, Minas Gerais; Rio Bonito, Rio de Janeiro	Brazil	9	18	high heterochromatin content species		0.94-0.95	C-banding	DAPI/CMA3; FISH (C0t-1 probe, microsatellite probes, ribosomal probe, repetitive probe)	Lopes et al. 2008 Lopes et al. 2009 Tavares et al. 2012 Andrade-Souza et al. 2018 Travenzoli et al. 2019a Pereira et al. 2020 Cunha et al. 2020 Pereira et al. 2021a
Meliponini	Melipona paraensis	Altamira, Pará	Brazil	9	18	high heterochromatin content species			C-banding	DAPI/CMA3; FISH (C0t-1 probe, microsatellite probes, ribosomal probe)	Cunha et al. 2018 Travenzoli et al. 2019a Cunha et al. 2020 Pereira et al. 2021a
Meliponini	Melipona puncticollis	Altamira, Pará	Brazil	9	18	2k= 4metacentric + 12submetacentric + 2acrocentric			C-banding	DAPI/CMA3; FISH (C0t-1 probe, microsatellite probes, ribosomal probe, repetitive probe)	Cunha et al. 2018 Travenzoli et al. 2019a Cunha et al. 2020 Pereira et al. 2021a
Meliponini	Melipona quadrifasciata	Pocinhos do Rio Verde, Minas Gerais; Santana de Parnaiba, São Paulo	Brazil	9	18		as Melipona quadrifasciata anthidioides		G-banding		Kerr 1972 Tambasco et al. 1979
Meliponini	Melipona quadrifasciata	Caeté, Viçosa, Minas Gerais; Brejo Grande, Sergipe	Brazil	9	18	2k= 4metacentric + 12submetacentric + 2acrocentric		0.25-0.27	C-banding	DAPI/CMA3; FISH (C0t-1 probe, microsatellite probes, ribosomal probe, repetitive probes)	Rocha and Pompolo 1998 Rocha et al. 2002 Tavares et al. 2010b Silva et al. 2012 Tavares et al. 2012 Andrade-Souza et al. 2018 Travenzoli et al. 2019a Cunha et al. 2020 Pereira et al. 2021a Pereira et al. 2021b
Meliponini	Melipona quinquefasciata	Ceará; Cristalina, Luizlândia, Goiás; Brasília, Distrito Federal; Bicas, Piumhi, Januária, Caeté, Minas Gerais	Brazil	9	18	2k= 10metacentric + 6submetacentric + 2acrocentric; 2k= 8metacentric + 6submetacentric + 4subtelocentric	up to 4 B chromosomes have been described	0.67-0.70	C-banding	DAPI/CMA3; FISH (C0t-1 probe, microsatellite probes, ribosomal probe, repetitive probes)	Kerr 1972 Rocha et al. 2007 Tavares et al. 2010b Tavares et al. 2012 Silva et al. 2018 Travenzoli et al. 2019a Cunha et al. 2020 Pereira et al. 2021a Cunha et al. 2021 Cunha et al. 2023a
Meliponini	Melipona rufiventris	Guimarânia, Minas Gerais	Brazil	9	18	high heterochromatin content species	1 B chromosome has been described	0.93	C-banding	DAPI/CMA3; FISH (C0t-1 probe, microsatellite probes, chromosome painting, ribosomal probe, repetitive probe)	Lopes et al. 2008 Lopes et al. 2009 Lopes et al. 2014 Travenzoli et al. 2019a Cunha et al. 2020 Pereira et al. 2021a
Meliponini	Melipona cf. rufiventris	Iranduba, Amazonas	Brazil		18	high heterochromatin content species			Giemsa	FISH (ribosomal probe, microsatellite probes)	Cunha et al. 2021 Cunha et al. 2023a
Meliponini	Melipona scutellaris	Ilhéus, Lençóis, Encruzilhada, Bahia; Rio Claro, São Paulo; Pilões, Paraíba	Brazil	9	18	high heterochromatin content species		1.08	C-banding	DAPI/CMA3; FISH (C0t-1 probe, ribosomal probe, U2 snDNA probe, microsatellite probes, repetitive probes)	Rocha and Pompolo 1998 Rocha et al. 2002 Tavares et al. 2010b Andrade-Souza et al. 2018 Piccoli et al. 2018 Travenzoli et al. 2019a Pereira et al. 2021a Cunha et al. 2021 Pereira et al. 2021b Cunha et al. 2023a
Meliponini	Melipona seminigra	Rio Branco, Acre	Brazil		22	high heterochromatin content species	as Melipona seminigra abunensis			DAPI/CMA3; FISH (ribosomal probe)	Andrade-Souza et al. 2018
Meliponini	Melipona seminigra	Nova Xavantina, Mato Grosso	Brazil					0.85			Tavares et al. 2010b
Meliponini	Melipona seminigra	Iranduba, Manaus, Amazonas	Brazil	11	22	high heterochromatin content species	as Melipona seminigra merrillae	0.92	C-banding, Ag-NOR	DAPI/CMA3; FISH (C0t-1 probe, ribosomal probe, microsatellite probes)	Francini et al. 2011 Cunha et al. 2018 Cunha et al. 2020 Barbosa et al. 2021 Cunha et al. 2021
Meliponini	Melipona seminigra	Altamira, Santarém, Pará	Brazil	11	22	high heterochromatin content species	as Melipona seminigra pernigra		C-banding	DAPI/CMA3; FISH (ribosomal probe, microsatellite probes)	Cunha et al. 2018 Andrade-Souza et al. 2018 Travenzoli et al. 2019a Pereira et al. 2021a Cunha et al. 2023a
Meliponini	Melipona subnitida	Mossoro, Santana do Seridó, Rio Grande do Norte	Brazil	9	18	2k= 4metacentric + 10submetacentric + 4acrocentric		0.27	C-banding	DAPI/CMA3; FISH (microsatellite probes, ribosomal probe)	Kerr 1972 Rocha et al. 2002 Tavares et al. 2010b Travenzoli et al. 2019a Pereira et al. 2021a
Meliponini	Melipona sp.	Brasília, Distrito Federal	Brazil		18	2k= 10metacentric + 6submetacentric + 2acrocentric			Giemsa	FISH (ribosomal probe, microsatellite probes)	Cunha et al. 2021 Cunha et al. 2023a
Meliponini	Meliponula becarii	Massinga	Moçambique	17			as Meliplebeia becarii				Kerr 1972
Meliponini	Meliponula bocandei	Dande and Luanda	Angola	18			as Trigona (Meliponula) bocandei				Kerr and Araujo 1957
Meliponini	Meliponula ferruginea	Zango and Luanda	Angola	18			as Trigona erithra togoensis				Kerr and Araujo 1957
Meliponini	Mourella caerulea	Canguçú, Rio Grande do Sul	Brazil	17	34	k= 11acrocentric + 6pseudo-acrocentric			C-banding		Rocha et al. 2003a
Meliponini	Nannotrigona punctata	Altamira, Pará	Brazil		34	2k= 12metacentric + 6submetacentric + 16subtelocentric			Giemsa	FISH (ribosomal probe, microsatellite probes)	Cunha et al. 2021 Cunha et al. 2023a
Meliponini	Nannotrigona sp.	Porto Seguro, Bahia	Brazil		34	2k= 20acrocentric + 14pseudo-acrocentric			C-banding	DAPI/CMA3	Rocha et al. 2003a
Meliponini	Nannotrigona sp.	Xapuri, Acre	Brazil					0.45			Tavares et al. 2012
Meliponini	Nannotrigona testaceicornis	Viçosa, Januária, Minas Gerais	Brazil	17	34	variable among populations		0.49-0.53	C-banding	DAPI/CMA3; FISH (ribosomal probe, microsatellite probes, repetitive probe)	Hoshiba and Imai 1993 Rocha et al. 2003a Tavares et al. 2012 Pereira et al. 2020 Cunha et al. 2021 Cunha et al. 2023a
Meliponini	Oxytrigona flaveola	Tangará da Serra, Mato Grosso	Brazil		34	2k= 8metacentric + 8submetacentric + 16subtelocentric + 2acrocentric	as Oxytrigona cf. flaveola			DAPI/CMA3	Krinski et al. 2010
Meliponini	Oxytrigona tataira	Presidente Venceslau, São Paulo	Brazil	17							Kerr 1972
Meliponini	Parapartamona brevipilosa	Baeza and Cosanga, Napo	Ecuador		32	all metacentric or submetacentric					Bravo and Arcos 1991
Meliponini	Parapartamona zonata	Chiriboga and Tandayapa, Pichincha	Ecuador	16	32	all metacentric or submetacentric					Bravo and Arcos 1991
Meliponini	Paratrigona lineata	Passos, Minas Gerais	Brazil					0.49			Cunha et al. 2021
Meliponini	Paratrigona sp.	Rio Paranaíba, Minas Gerais	Brazil					0.44			Cunha et al. 2021
Meliponini	Paratrigona subnuda	Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo	Brazil		34	2k= 24acrocentric + 10pseudo-acrocentric			C-banding		Rocha et al. 2003a
Meliponini	Paratrigona subnuda	Viçosa, Minas Gerais	Brazil					0.26			Tavares et al. 2012
Meliponini	Partamona ailyae	Nova Xavantina, Juína, Mato Grosso	Brazil	17	34	2k= 22metacentric + 12submetacentric	as Partamona aylae		C-banding	DAPI/CMA3; FISH (ribosomal probe)	Brito-Ribon et al. 1999 Goncalves et al. 2020
Meliponini	Partamona auripennis	Altamira, Redenção, Pará	Brazil		34	2k= 20metacentric + 12submetacentric + 2subtelocentric			C-banding	FISH (ribosomal probe, microsatellite probes)	Novaes et al. 2021a Tavares et al. 2023
Meliponini	Partamona chapadicola	Urbano Santos, Maranhão	Brazil	17	34	2k= 24metacentric + 10submetacentric		0.63	C-banding	DAPI/CMA3; FISH (microsatellite probes, ribosomal probe)	Tavares et al. 2012 Lopes et al. 2020
Meliponini	Partamona cupira	Guimarânia, Minas Gerais	Brazil		34	2k= 10metacentric + 22submetacentric + 2acrocentric	1 B chromosome has been described		C-banding	DAPI/CMA3	Marthe et al. 2010
Meliponini	Partamona gregaria	Novo Progresso, Pará	Brazil	17	34	2k= 28metacentric + 6submetacentric			C-banding	FISH (ribosomal probe)	Novaes et al. 2021a
Meliponini	Partamona helleri	Cruz das Almas, Itacaré, Jequié, Cravolândia, Macarani, Bahia; Santa Teresa, Itarana, Governador Lindemberg, Linhares, Espírito Santo; Natividade, Porciúncula, Rio de Janeiro; Araponga, Guaraciaba, Juiz de Fora, Pedra do Anta, Piranga, Porto Firme, Rio Vermelho, São Miguel do Anta, Viçosa, Ponte Nova, Antônio Prado de Minas, Carangola, Cataguases, Marliéria, Jaguaraçú, Minas Gerais; Recife, Ceará	Brazil	17	34	mostly metacentric or submetacentric	up to 7 B chromosomes have been described	0.55-0.609	C-banging, Ag-NOR	DAPI/CMA3; FISH (chromosome painting, ribosomal probe, repetitive and microsatellite probes)	Costa et al. 1992 Brito et al. 1997 Tosta et al. 2004 Brito et al. 2005 Tosta et al. 2007 Martins et al. 2009 Tavares et al. 2012 Martins et al. 2013 Martins et al. 2014 Tosta et al. 2014 Pereira et al. 2020 Lopes et al. 2020 Goncalves et al. 2020 Novaes et al. 2021b Tavares et al. 2023
Meliponini	Partamona mulata	Cuiabá, Mato Grosso	Brazil	17	34	mostly metacentric or submetacentric			C-banding	DAPI/CMA3	Brito-Ribon et al. 1999
Meliponini	Partamona nhambiquara	Nova Xavantina, Tangará da Serra, Mato Grosso	Brazil	17	34	2k= 24metacentric + 10submetacentric			C-banding	DAPI/CMA3; FISH (microsatellite probes, ribosomal probe)	Brito-Ribon et al. 1999 Lopes et al. 2020
Meliponini	Partamona peckolti	San Francisco de Las Pampas village, Cotopaxi province	Ecuador		34				C-banding	DAPI/CMA3	Brito et al. 2003
Meliponini	Partamona rustica	Januária, Lontra, Minas Gerais	Brazil		34	2k= 28metacentric + 6submetacentric	1B chromosome has been described	0.57-0.59			Tavares et al. 2012 Tosta et al. 2014 Novaes et al. 2021a Tavares et al. 2023
Meliponini	Partamona seridoensis	Sant’Ana do Seridó, Rio Grande do Norte	Brazil	17	34	mostly metacentric or submetacentric			C-banding	DAPI/CMA3; FISH (ribosomal probe)	Brito et al. 2005
Meliponini	Partamona sooretamae	Presidente Tancredo Neves, Uruçuca, Bahia	Brazil		34	2k= 20metacentric + 14submetacentric				DAPI/CMA3; FISH (ribosomal probe)	Goncalves et al. 2020
Meliponini	Partamona vicina	Nova Xavantina, Mato Grosso	Brazil	17	34	mostly metacentric or submetacentric			C-banding	DAPI/CMA3	Brito-Ribon et al. 1999
Meliponini	Plebeia droryana	Santo Antônio do Jacinto, Minas Gerais	Brazil	17	34	k= 12pseudo-acrocentric + 2acrocentric + 3metacentric; 2k 18metacentric + 16submetacentric			C-banding	FISH (ribosomal probe, microsatellite probes)	Hoshiba and Imai 1993 Cunha et al. 2021 Cunha et al. 2023a
Meliponini	Plebeia droryana	Viçosa, Minas Gerais	Brazil					0.48-0.49			Tavares et al. 2012
Meliponini	Plebeia droryana	Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo	Brazil					0.52			Tavares et al. 2012
Meliponini	Plebeia lucii	Viçosa, Minas Gerais	Brazil		34	2k= 22pseudo-acrocentric + 12acrocentric; 2k= 6metacentric + 6submetacentric + 22subtelocentric		0.43	C-banding	DAPI/CMA3; FISH (ribosomal probe, microsatellite probes)	Godoy et al. 2013 Tavares et al. 2012 Cunha et al. 2021 Cunha et al. 2023a
Meliponini	Plebeia phrynostoma	Espírito Santo	Brazil		34	2k= 18pseudo-acrocentric + 10acrocentric + 6metacentric			C-banding	DAPI/CMA3; FISH (ribosomal probe, microsatellite probes)	Godoy et al. 2013 Cunha et al. 2023a
Meliponini	Plebeia sp.1	Viçosa, Minas Gerais	Brazil		34				Ag-NOR		Maffei et al. 2001
Meliponini	Plebeia sp.	Xapuri, Acre	Brazil					0.43-0.44			Tavares et al. 2012
Meliponini	Plebeia sp. nov.	Presidente Figueiredo, Amazonas	Brazil		34	2k= 6metacentric + 2submetacentric + 26subtelocentric		0.40	Giemsa		Cunha et al. 2021
Meliponini	Plebeina hildebrandti	Moamba	Moçambique	18			as Plebeia (Plebeia) denoiti				Kerr 1972
Meliponini	Ptilotrigona lurida	Manaus, Amazonas	Brazil	11		k= 6metacentric + 3acrocentric + 2pseudo-acrocentric			C-banding		Rocha et al. 2003a
Meliponini	Scaptotrigona barrocoloradensis	Although cited as “from Brazil”, this species does not occur in this Country	Brazil	17	34	k= 6pseudo-acrocentric + 8acrocentric + 3metacentric	as Trigona barrocoloralensis		C-banding		Hoshiba and Imai 1993
Meliponini	Scaptotrigona bipunctata	Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo	Brazil					0.40-0.44			Tavares et al. 2012
Meliponini	Scaptotrigona depilis	Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo	Brazil		34	2k= 26acrocentric + 8pseudo-acrocentric		0.39-0.41	C-banding		Rocha et al. 2003a Tavares et al. 2012
Meliponini	Scaptotrigona cf. polysticta	Presidente Figueiredo, Amazonas	Brazil		34	2k= 8metacentric + 6submetacentris + 20subtelocentric		0.52	Giemsa		Cunha et al. 2021
Meliponini	Scaptotrigona postica	Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo	Brazil		34	2k= 22acrocentric + 12pseudo-acrocentric			C-banding		Rocha et al. 2003a
Meliponini	Scaptotrigona tubiba	Urbano Santos, Maranhão	Brazil					0.45			Tavares et al. 2012
Meliponini	Scaptotrigona xanthotricha	Camacan, Valença, Bahia; Piranga, Viçosa, Minas Gerais	Brazil	17	34	variable among populations		0.42-0.44	C-banding, Ag-NOR	DAPI/CMA3; FISH (ribosomal probe, microsatellite probes)	Rocha et al. 2003a Duarte et al. 2009 Lopes et al. 2009 Tavares et al. 2012 Cunha et al. 2021 Cunha et al. 2023a Serra et al. 2023
Meliponini	Scaptotrigona sp.	São José do Sabugi, Paraíba	Brazil		34	2k= 18acrocentric + 16pseudo-acrocentric			C-banding	DAPI/CMA3	Rocha et al. 2003a
Meliponini	Scaptotrigona sp.	Pará	Brazil		34	2k= 10metacentric + 6submetacentric + 18 subtelocentric			Giemsa	FISH (ribosomal probe, microsatellite probes)	Cunha et al. 2021 Cunha et al. 2023a
Meliponini	Scaura latitarsis	Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo	Brazil		34	2k= 14acrocentric + 20pseudo-acrocentric		0.43-0.44	C-banding		Rocha et al. 2003a Tavares et al. 2012
Meliponini	Schwarziana quadripunctata	Viçosa, Minas Gerais	Brazil		34	2k= 18acrocentric + 16pseudo-acrocentric; 2k= 14metacentric + 8submetacentric + 12subtelocentric		0.67	C-banding	FISH (ribosomal probe, microsatellite probes)	Rocha et al. 2003a Cunha et al. 2021 Cunha et al. 2023a
Meliponini	Schwarziana sp.	Domingos Martins, Espírito Santo	Brazil					0.65			Tavares et al. 2012
Meliponini	Tetragona clavipes	Viçosa, Minas Gerais	Brazil		34	2k= 6acrocentric + 28pseudo-acrocentric			C-banding	DAPI/CMA3	Rocha et al. 2003a
Meliponini	Tetragona elongata	Viçosa, Minas Gerais	Brazil		34	2k= 18metacentric + 14submetacentric + 2subtelocentric				FISH (ribosomal probe, microsatellite probes)	Tavares et al. 2023
Meliponini	Tetragonisca angustula	Locality not specified	Brazil	17	34	k= 14pseudo-acrocentric + 2acrocentric + 1metacentric	as Trigona angustula		C-banding		Hoshiba and Imai 1993
Meliponini	Tetragonisca angustula	Tangará da Serra, Mato Grosso; Viçosa, Mutum, Minas Gerais	Brazil	17	34	2k= 34pseudo-acrocentric		0.90	C-banding	DAPI/CMA3; FISH (ribosomal probe, microsatellite probes)	Rocha et al. 2003a Barth et al. 2011 Tavares et al. 2012 Pereira et al. 2020 Cunha et al. 2023b
Meliponini	Tetragonisca fiebrigi	Tangará da Serra, Mato Grosso; Palotina, Paraná	Brazil	17	34	2k= 34pseudo-acrocentric; 2k= 22metacentric + 12submetacentric	up to 7 B chromosomes have been described		C-banding	DAPI/CMA3; FISH (Chromosome Painting, ribosomal probe, repetitive probe, microsatellite probes)	Barth et al. 2011 Lopes et al. 2014 Pereira et al. 2020 Cunha et al. 2023a Cunha et al. 2023b
Meliponini	Tetragonula minangkabau	Although cited as “from Brazil”, this species does not occur in this Country	Brazil	20	40	k= 7pseudo-acrocentric + 7acrocentric + 6metacentric	as Trigona minangkabau		C-banding		Hoshiba and Imai 1993
Meliponini	Trigona branneri	Cuiabá, Mato Grosso	Brazil	17	34	2k= 16acrocentric + 16pseudo-acrocentric + 2metacentric			C-banding	CMA3	Costa et al. 2004
Meliponini	Trigona braueri	Pedra Branca, Bahia	Brazil		32	2k= 2metacentric + 4acrocentric + 26pseudo-acrocentric	as Trigona fulviventris		C-banding	DAPI/CMA3	Domingues et al. 2005
Meliponini	Trigona chanchamayoensis	Cuiabá, Tangará da Serra, Mato Grosso	Brazil	17	34	2k= 20acrocentric + 12pseudo-acrocentric + 2metacentric			C-banding	CMA3	Costa et al. 2004 Fernandes et al. 2013b
Meliponini	Trigona fuscipennis	Florestal, Minas Gerais	Brazil		34	2k= 26metacentric + 6submetacentric + 2subtelocentric	as Trigona aff. fuscipennis		C-banding	FISH (ribosomal probe, microsatellite probe, repetitive probe)	Teixeira et al. 2023 Pereira et al. 2023
Meliponini	Trigona hyalinata	Cuiabá, Mato Grosso; Viçosa, Minas Gerais	Brazil	17	34	2k= 6acrocentric + 28pseudo-acrocentric; 2k= 26metacentric + 8submetacentric		0.53	C-banding	FISH (ribosomal probe, microsatellite probe, repetitive probe)	Costa et al. 2004 Cunha et al. 2021 Cunha et al. 2023a Teixeira et al. 2023
Meliponini	Trigona hypogea	Altamira, Pará	Brazil		34	2k= 24metacentric + 8submetacentric + 2subtelocentric			C-banding	FISH (ribosomal probe, microsatellite probe)	Teixeira et al. 2023
Meliponini	Trigona pallens	Urbano Santos, Maranhão; Altamira, Pará	Brazil		34	2k= 26metacentric + 6submetacentric + 2subtelocentric		0.81	C-banding	FISH (ribosomal probe, microsatellite probe, repetitive probe)	Tavares et al. 2012 Teixeira et al. 2023 Pereira et al. 2023
Meliponini	Trigona recursa	Luislândia, Januária, Minas Gerais; Cuiabá, Mato Grosso	Brazil	17	34	variable among populations			C-banding	CMA3; FISH (ribosomal probe, microsatellite probe, repetitive probe)	Rocha et al. 2003a Costa et al. 2004 Cunha et al. 2021 Cunha et al. 2023a Pereira et al. 2023
Meliponini	Trigona sp.	Cônego Marinho, Minas Gerais	Brazil	17		k= 2acrocentric + 15pseudo-acrocentric	as Trigona cfr. fuscipennis		C-banding		Rocha et al. 2003a
Meliponini	Trigona sp.	Urbano Santos, Maranhão	Brazil				as Trigona fulviventris	0.70			Tavares et al. 2012
Meliponini	Trigona spinipes	Bandeira, Januária, Janaúba, Bocaiúva, Mutum, Raul Soares, Florestal, Viçosa, Minas Gerais; Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo; Palotina, Paraná; Coaraci, Bahia; Milagres, Ceará	Brazil	17	34	variable among populations		0.42-0.44	C-banding	DAPI/CMA3; FISH (ribosomal probe, microsatellite probe, repetitive probe)	Rocha et al. 2003a Tavares et al. 2012 Barboza and Costa 2021 Tavares et al. 2021 Pereira et al. 2023
Meliponini	Trigona truculenta	Altamira, Pará	Brazil		34	2k= 18metacentric + 14submetacentric + 2subtelocentric			C-banding	FISH (ribosomal probe, microsatellite probe)	Teixeira et al. 2023
Meliponini	Trigona williana	Altamira, Pará	Brazil		34	2k= 26metacentric + 6submetacentric + 2subtelocentric			C-banding	FISH (ribosomal probe, microsatellite probe, repetitive probe)	Teixeira et al. 2023 Pereira et al. 2023
Meliponini	Trigonisca sp.	Urbano Santos, Maranhão	Brazil	15	30	k= 4metacentric + 8submetacentric + 18subtelocentric			Giemsa	FISH (ribosomal probe, microsatellite probes)	Cunha et al. 2021 Cunha et al. 2023a
Xylocopini	Ceratina calcarata	Guelph, Ontario	Canada					0.68			Ardila-Garcia et al. 2010
Xylocopini	Ceratina dentipes	Matsue, Shimane	Japan	17	34	k= 15pseudo-acrocentric + 2metacentric			C-banding		Hoshiba and Imai 1993
Xylocopini	Ceratina dupla	Guelph, Ontario	Canada					0.59			Ardila-Garcia et al. 2010
Xylocopini	Ceratina flavipes	Itabashi-ku, Tokyo; Matsue, Shimane; Sendai, Miyagi	Japan	17	34	k= 12pseudo-acrocentric + 5metacentric			C-banding		Hoshiba and Imai 1993
Xylocopini	Ceratina japonica	Matsue, Shimane	Japan	17	34	k= 16pseudo-acrocentric + 1metacentric			C-banding		Hoshiba and Imai 1993
Xylocopini	Ceratina megastigmata	Matsue, Shimane	Japan	17	34	k= 16pseudo-acrocentric + 1metacentric			C-banding		Hoshiba and Imai 1993
Xylocopini	Ceratina okinawana	Iriomote, Okinawa	Japan	17	34	presence of polimorphic chromosomes with different C-banding patterns			C-banding		Hoshiba and Imai 1993
Xylocopini	Ceratina smaragdula	Matsue, Shimane	Japan	14	28	k= 14pseudo-acrocentric	as Pithitis smaragdula		C-banding		Hoshiba and Imai 1993
Xylocopini	Exoneura robusta	Dandenong Ranges of Victoria	Australia		26						Bousjein et al. 2019
Xylocopini	Xylocopa appendiculata	Kamakura and Sagamihara, Kanagawa	Japan	17	34	k= 13acrocentric + 4metacentric			C-banding		Hoshiba and Imai 1993
Xylocopini	Xylocopa fenestrata	Ludhiana	India	16	32		as Xylocopa fenesterata				Kumbkarni 1965
Xylocopini	Xylocopa virginica	Orlando, Florida	United States				as Xylocopa virginica krombeini	0.69			Ardila-Garcia et al. 2010

Chromosome classification: Levan et al. (1964): metacentric (m), submetacentric (sm), subtelocentric (st), or acrocentric (a). Imai (1991): metacentric (M) or acrocentric (A), with a variety of forms depending on the position of the heterochromatin on the karyotype.

You can download this data as csv.

Histogram

Bibliography

Andrade-Souza, V., Duarte, O.M.P., Martins, C.C.C., Santos, I.S., Costa, M.G.C., Costa, M.A. Comparative molecular cytogenetics in Melipona Illiger species (Hymenoptera, Apidae). Sociobiology, 65 : pp 696-705. 2018. DOI: [10.13102/sociobiology.v65i4.3480 https://doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v65i4.3480]

Ardila-Garcia, A.M., Umphrey, G.J., Gregory, T.R. An expansion of the genome size dataset for the insect order Hymenoptera, with a first test of parasitism and eusociality as possible constraints. Insect Molecular Biology, 19 : pp 337-346. 2010. DOI: [10.1111/j.1365-2583.2010.00992.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2583.2010.00992.x]

Ayabe, T., Hoshiba, H., Ono, M. Cytological evidence for triploid males and females in the bumblebee, Bombus terrestris. Chromosome research, 12 : pp 215-223. 2004. DOI: [10.1023/B:CHRO.0000021880.83639.4b https://doi.org/10.1023/B:CHRO.0000021880.83639.4b]

Barbosa, I.C.O., Schneider, C.H., Goll, L.G., Feldberg, E., Carvalho-Zilse, G.A. Chromosomal mapping of repetitive DNA in Melipona seminigra merrillae Cockerell, 1919 (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Meliponini). Comparative Cytogenetics, 15 : pp 77-87. 2021. DOI: [10.3897/compcytogen.v15.i1.56430 https://doi.org/10.3897/compcytogen.v15.i1.56430]

Barboza, V.P., Costa, M.A. Cytogenetic Analysis in Trigona spinipes Fabricius (Hymenoptera, Meliponina) reveals intraspecific variation. Neotropical Entomology, 50 : pp 846-849. 2021. DOI: [10.1007/s13744-021-00853-7 https://doi.org/10.1007/s13744-021-00853-7]

Barth, A., Fernandes, A., Pompolo, S.G., Costa, M.A. Occurrence of B chromosomes in Tetragonisca Latreille, 1811 (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Meliponini): a new contribution to the cytotaxonomy of the genus. Genetics and Molecular Biology, 34 : pp 77-79. 2011. DOI: [10.1590/S1415-47572010005000100 https://doi.org/10.1590/S1415-47572010005000100]

Beye, M., Moritz, R.F.A. In situ hybridization of rDNA on chromosomes of the honeybee, Apis mellifera L.. Experientia, 49 : pp 337-338. 1993. DOI: [10.1007/BF01923416 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01923416]

Bousjein, N.S., Zahed, M.A., & Oryan, S. The first contribution to karyotyping of the Australian allodapine bee Exoneura robusta. Journal of Apicultural Research, : pp 1-3. 2019. DOI: [10.1080/00218839.2019.1637225 https://doi.org/10.1080/00218839.2019.1637225]

Bravo, F., Arcos, L. O cariótipo das espécies de Parapartamona (Schwarz) (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Meliponinae) e comentários sobre a sistemática do gênero. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 35 : pp 755-759. 1991

Brito-Ribon, R.M., Miyazawa, C.S., Pompolo, S.G. First karyotype characterization of four species of Partamona (Friese, 1980) (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Meliponinae) in Mato Grosso State, Brazil. Cytobios, 100 : pp 19-26. 1999

Brito, R.M., Costa, M.A., Pompolo, S.G. Characterization and distribution of supernumerary chromosomes in 23 colonies of Partamona helleri (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Meliponinae). Brazilian Journal of Genetics, 20 : pp 185-188. 1997

Brito, R.M., Caixeiro, A.P.D.A., Pompolo, S.G., Azevedo, G.G. Cytogenetic data of Partamona peckolti (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Meliponini) by C banding and fluorochrome staining with DA/CMA3 and DA/DAPI. Genetics and Molecular Biology, 26 : pp 53-57. 2003. DOI: [10.1590/S1415-47572003000100009 https://doi.org/10.1590/S1415-47572003000100009]

Brito, R.M., Pompolo, S.G, Magalhães, M.F.M., Barros, E.G., Sakamoto-Hojo, E.T. Cytogenetic characterization of two Partamona species (Hymenoptera, Apinae, Meliponini) by fluorochrome staining and localization of 18S rDNA clusters by FISH. Cytologia, 70 : pp 373-380. 2005. DOI: [10.1508/cytologia.70.373 https://doi.org/10.1508/cytologia.70.373]

Carvalho, A.F., Costa, M.A. Cytogenetic characterization of two species of Frieseomelitta Ihering, 1912 (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Meliponini). Genetics and Molecular Biology, 34 : pp 237-239. 2011. DOI: [10.1590/S1415-47572011005000010 https://doi.org/10.1590/S1415-47572011005000010]

Costa, M.A., Pompolo, S.G., Campos, L.A.O. Supernumerary chromosomes in Partamona cupira (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Meliponinae). Revista Brasileira de Genética, 15 : pp 801-806. 1992

Costa, K.F., Brito, R.M., Miyazawa, C.S. Karyotypic description of four species of Trigona (Jurine, 1807) (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Meliponini) from the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil. Genetics and Molecular Biology, 27 : pp 187-190. 2004. DOI: [10.1590/S1415-47572004000200010 https://doi.org/10.1590/S1415-47572004000200010]

Cristiano, M.P., Simões, T.G., Lopes, D.M., Pompolo, S.G. Cytogenetics of Melitoma segmentaria (Fabricius, 1804) (Hymenoptera, Apidae) reveals differences in the characteristics of heterochromatin in bees. Comparative Cytogenetics, 8 : pp 223-231. 2014. DOI: [10.3897/CompCytogen.v8i3.7510 https://doi.org/10.3897/CompCytogen.v8i3.7510]

Cunha, M.S., Travenzoli, N.M., Ferreira, R.D.P., Cassinela, E.K., Silva, H.B.D., Oliveira, F.P.M., Salomão, T.M.F., Lopes, D.M. Comparative cytogenetics in three Melipona species (Hymenoptera: Apidae) with two divergent heterochromatic patterns. Genetics and Molecular Biology, 41 : pp 806-813. 2018. DOI: [10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2017-0330 https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2017-0330]

Cunha, M.S., Campos, L.A.O., Lopes, D.M. Insights into the heterochromatin evolution in the genus Melipona (Apidae: Meliponini). Insectes Sociaux, 67 : pp 391-398. 2020. DOI: [10.1007/s00040-020-00773-6 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00040-020-00773-6]

Cunha, M.S., Soares, F.A.F., Clarindo, W.R., Campos, L.A.O., Lopes, D.M. Robertsonian rearrangements in Neotropical Meliponini karyotype evolution (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Meliponini). Insect Molecular Biology, 30 : pp 379-389. 2021. DOI: [10.1111/imb.12702 https://doi.org/10.1111/imb.12702]

Cunha, M.S., Garcia, M.V.B., Campos, L.A.O., Lopes, D.M. Cytotaxonomy and karyotype evolution in Neotropical Meliponini (Hymenoptera: Apidae) inferred by chromosomal mapping of 18S rDNA and five microsatellites. Journal of Apicultural Research, : pp . 2023a. DOI: [10.1080/00218839.2023.2179228 https://doi.org/10.1080/00218839.2023.2179228]

Cunha, M.S., Novaes, C.M., Pereira, J.A., Capoco, M.M., Fernandes-SalomÃ£o, T.M., Lopes, D.M. Supernumerary B chromosomes of Tetragonisca fiebrigi share repeat content with standard chromosome set of both T. fiebrigi and T. angustula (Apidae: Meliponini). Cytogenetic and Genome Research, : pp . 2023b. DOI: [10.1159/000533431 https://doi.org/10.1159/000533431]

Deodikar, G.B., Thakar, C.V., Shah, P.N. Cyto-genetic studies in Indian honeybees. I. Somatic chromosome complement in Apis indica and its bearing on evolution and phylogeny. Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences Section B, 49 : pp 194-206. 1959

Domingues, A.M.T., Waldschmidt, A.M., Andrade, S.E., Andrade-Souza, V., Alves, R.M.O., Silva Junior, J.C., Costa, M.A. Karyotype characterization of Trigona fulviventris Guérin, 1835 (Hymenoptera, Meliponini) by C banding and fluorochrome staining: Report of a new chromosome number in the genus. Genetics and Molecular Biology, 28 : pp 390-393. 2005. DOI: [10.1590/S1415-47572005000300009 https://doi.org/10.1590/S1415-47572005000300009]

Duarte, O.M.P., Martins, C.C.C., Waldschmidt, A.M., Costa, M.A. Occurrence of multiple nucleolus organizer regions and intraspecific karyotype variation in Scaptotrigona xanthotricha Moure (Hymenoptera, Meliponini). Genetics and Molecular Research, 8 : pp 831-839. 2009. DOI: [10.4238/vol8-3gmr598 https://doi.org/10.4238/vol8-3gmr598]

Elizeu, A.M., Travenzoli, N.M., Ferreira, R.P., Lopes, D.M., Tavares, M.G. Comparative study on the physical mapping of ribosomal genes and repetitive sequences in Friesella schrottkyi (Friese 1900) (Hymenoptera: Apidae, Meliponini). Zoologischer Anzeiger, 292 : pp 225-230. 2021. DOI: [10.1016/j.jcz.2021.04.006 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcz.2021.04.006]

Eltz, T., Schmid, M., Roubik, D.W. Haploid karyotypes of two species of orchid bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae, Euglossini). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 70 : pp 142–144. 1997

Fahrenhorst, H. Nachweis ubereinstimmender Chromosomen-Zahlen (n = 16) bei allen 4 Apis-Arten. Apidologie, 8 : pp 89-100. 1977. DOI: [10.1051/apido:19770107 https://doi.org/10.1051/apido:19770107]

Fernandes, A., Werneck, H.A., Pompolo, S.G., Lopes, D.M. Evidence of separate karyotype evolutionary pathway in Euglossa orchid bees by cytogenetic analyses. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências, 85 : pp 937-944. 2013a. DOI: [10.1590/S0001-37652013005000050 https://doi.org/10.1590/S0001-37652013005000050]

Fernandes, A., Barth, A., Sampaio, W.S. Caracterização citogenética da espécie Trigona chanchamayoensis (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Meliponini) encontrada no cerrado brasileiro. Evolução e Conservação da Biodiversidade, 4 : pp 63-67. 2013b. DOI: [10.7902/ecb.v4i2.55 https://doi.org/10.7902/ecb.v4i2.55]

Francini, I.B., Gross, M.C., Nunes-Silva, C.G., Carvalho-Zilse, G.A. Cytogenetic analysis of the Amazon stingless bee Melipona seminigra merrillae reveals different chromosome number for the genus. Scientia Agricola, 68 : pp 592-593. 2011. DOI: [10.1590/S0103-90162011000500012 https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-90162011000500012]

Gadau, J., Gerloff, C.U., Krüger, N., Chan, H., Schmid-Hempel, P., Wille, A., Page Jr, R.E. A linkage analysis of sex determination in Bombus terrestris (L.) (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Heredity, 87 : pp 234-242. 2001. DOI: [10.1046/j.1365-2540.2001.00919.x https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2540.2001.00919.x]

Garófalo, C.A., Kerr, W.E. Sex determination in bees. I. Balance between femaleness and maleness genes in Bombus atratus Franklin (Hymenoptera, Apidae). Genetica, 45 : pp 203-209. 1975. DOI: [10.1007/BF01517196 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01517196]

Godoy, D.C., Ferreira, R.P., Lopes, D.M. Chromosomal variation and cytogenetics of Plebeia lucii and P. phrynostoma (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Florida Entomologist, 96 : pp 1559-1566. 2013. DOI: [10.1653/024.096.0439 https://doi.org/10.1653/024.096.0439]

Gomes, L.F., Brito, R.M., Pompolo, S.G., Campos, L.A.O., Peruquetti, R.C. Karyotype and C-and G-banding patterns of Eufriesea violacea (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Euglossinae). Hereditas, 128 : pp 73-76. 1998. DOI: [10.1111/j.1601-5223.1998.00073.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-5223.1998.00073.x]

GonÃ§alvez, G.C., Dalbosco, A.M., Barth, A., Miranda, E.A., Costa, M.A. Comparative cytogenetic analysis of three species of the genus Partamona (Apidae, Meliponini). Apidologie, 52 : pp 80-88. 2020. DOI: [10.1007/s13592-020-00798-7 https://doi.org/10.1007/s13592-020-00798-7]

Gregory, T.R., Nicol, J.A., Tamm, H., Kullman, B., Kullman, K., Leitch, I.J., Murray, B.G., Kapraun, D.F., Greilhuber, J., Bennett, M.D. Eukaryotic genome size databases. Nucleic Acids Research, 35 : pp D332-D338. 2007. DOI: [10.1093/nar/gkl828 https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkl828]

Hanrahan, S.J., Johnston, J.S. New genome size estimates of 134 species of arthropods. Chromosome Research, 19 : pp 809-823. 2011. DOI: [10.1007/s10577-011-9231-6 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10577-011-9231-6]

Honeybee Genome Sequencing Consortium. Insights into social insects from the genome of the honeybee Apis mellifera. Nature, 443 : pp 931-949. 2006. DOI: [10.1038/nature05260 https://doi.org/10.1038/nature05260]

Hoshiba, H. Karyotype and banding analyses on haploid males of the honey bee (Apis mellifera). Proceedings of the Japan Academy Series B, 60 : pp 122-124. 1984a. DOI: [10.2183/pjab.60.122 https://doi.org/10.2183/pjab.60.122]

Hoshiba, H. The C-banding analysis of the diploid male and female honeybee (Apis mellifera). Proceedings of the Japan Academy Series B, 60 : pp 238-240. 1984b. DOI: [10.2183/pjab.60.238 https://doi.org/10.2183/pjab.60.238]

Hoshiba, H. Karyological analysis of a stingless bee, Melipona favosa (Apidae, Hymenoptera). Cytologia, 53 : pp 153-156. 1988. DOI: [10.1508/cytologia.53.153 https://doi.org/10.1508/cytologia.53.153]

Hoshiba, H., Imai, H. Chromosome evolution of bees and wasps (Hymenoptera, Apocrita) on the basis of C-banding pattern analyses. Japanese Journal of Entomology, 61 : pp 465-492. 1993

Hoshiba, H., Kusanagi, A. Karyological study of honeybee. Journal of Apicultural Research, 17 : pp 105-109. 1978. DOI: [10.1080/00218839.1978.11099913 https://doi.org/10.1080/00218839.1978.11099913]

Hoshiba, H., Okada, I. G-Banding analyses of male chromosomes in Apis cerana and A. mellifera ligustica. Apidologie, 17 : pp 101-106. 1986. DOI: [10.1051/apido:19860203 https://doi.org/10.1051/apido:19860203]

Hoshiba, H., Okada, I., Kusanagi, A. The diploid drone of Apis cerana japonica and its chromosomes. Journal of Apicultural Research, 20 : pp 143-147. 1981. DOI: [10.1080/00218839.1981.11100488 https://doi.org/10.1080/00218839.1981.11100488]

Jordan J.R., Brosemer R.W. Characterization of DNA from three bee species. Journal of Insect Physiology, 20 : pp 2513–2520. 1974. DOI: [10.1016/0022-1910(74)90035-3 https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1910(74)90035-3]

Kerr, W.E. Numbers of chromosomes in some species of bees. Journal of the Kansas Entomological society, 45 : pp 111-122. 1972

Kerr, W.E., Araújo, V.P. Contribuição ao estudo citológico dos Apoidea. Garcia da Orta, 5 : pp 431-433. 1957

Kerr, W.E., Silveira, Z.V.D. Karyotypic evolution of bees and corresponding taxonomic implications. Evolution, 26 : pp 197-202. 1972. DOI: [10.1111/j.1558-5646.1972.tb00187.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1972.tb00187.x]

Krinski, D., Fernandes, A., Rocha, M.P., Pompolo, S.G. Karyotypic description of the stingless bee Oxytrigona cf. flaveola (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Meliponina) of a colony from Tangará da Serra, Mato Grosso State, Brazil. Genetics and Molecular Biology, 33 : pp 494-498. 2010. DOI: [10.1590/S1415-47572010000300020 https://doi.org/10.1590/S1415-47572010000300020]

Kumbkarni, C.G. Cytological studies in Hymenoptera: Part II: Cytology of parthenogenesis in the carpenter-bee, Xylocopa fenesterata Fabre. Cytologia, 30 : pp 222-228. 1965. DOI: [10.1508/cytologia.30.222 https://doi.org/10.1508/cytologia.30.222]

Lopes, D.M., Pompolo, S.G., Campos, L.A.O., Tavares, M.G. Cytogenetic characterization of Melipona rufiventris Lepeletier 1836 and Melipona mondury Smith 1863 (Hymenoptera, Apidae) by C banding and fluorochromes staining. Genetics and Molecular Biology, 31 : pp 49-52. 2008. DOI: [10.1590/S1415-47572008000100010 https://doi.org/10.1590/S1415-47572008000100010]

Lopes, D.M., Carvalho, C.R., Clarindo, W.R., Praça, M.M., Tavares, M.G. Genome size estimation of three stingless bee species (Hymenoptera, Meliponinae) by flow cytometry. Apidologie, 40 : pp 517-523. 2009. DOI: [10.1051/apido/2009030 https://doi.org/10.1051/apido/2009030]

Lopes, D.M., Fernandes, A., Praça-Fontes, M.M., Werneck, H.D.A., Resende, H.C., Campos, L.A.O. Cytogenetics of three Melipona species (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Meliponini). Sociobiology, 58 : pp 185-194. 2011

Lopes, D.M., Fernandes, A., Diniz, D., Scudeler, P.E.S., Foresti, F., Campos, L.A.O. Similarity of heterochromatic regions in the stingless bees (Hymenoptera: Meliponini) revealed by chromosome painting. Caryologia, 67 : pp 222-226. 2014. DOI: [10.1080/0144235X.2014.974349 https://doi.org/10.1080/0144235X.2014.974349]

Lopes, D.M., Tranvenzoli, N.M., Fernandes, A., Campos, L.A.O. Different levels of chromatin condensation in Partamona chapadicola and Partamona nhambiquara (Hymenoptera, Apidae). Cytogenetic and Genome Research, : pp . 2020. DOI: [10.1159/000507835 https://doi.org/10.1159/000507835]

Maffei, E.M.D., Pompolo, S.G., Silva-Jr, J.C., Caixeiro, A.P.A., Rocha, M.P., Dergam, J.A. Silver staining of nucleolar organizer regions (NORs) in some species of Hymenoptera (bees and parasitic wasps) and Coleoptera (lady beetle). Cytobios, 104 : pp 119-125. 2001

Marthe, J.D.B., Pompolo, S.G., Campos, L.A.O., Salomão,T.M.F., Tavares, M.G. Cytogenetic characterization of Partamona cupira (Hymenoptera, Apidae) by fluorochromes. Genetics and Molecular Biology, 33 : pp 253-255. 2010. DOI: [10.1590/S1415-47572010005000029 https://doi.org/10.1590/S1415-47572010005000029]

Martins, C.C.C., Duarte, O.M.P., Waldschmidt, A.M., Alves, R.M.O., Costa, M.A. New occurrence of B chromosomes in Partamona helleri (Friese, 1900) (Hymenoptera, Meliponini). Genetics and Molecular Biology, 32 : pp 782-785. 2009. DOI: [10.1590/S1415-47572009005000065 https://doi.org/10.1590/S1415-47572009005000065]

Martins, C.C.C., Diniz, D., Sobrinho-Scudeler, P.E., Foresti, F., Campos, L.A.O., Costa, M.A. Investigation of Partamona helleri (Apidae, Meliponini) B chromosome origin. An approach by microdissection and whole chromosome painting. Apidologie, 44 : pp 75-81. 2013. DOI: [10.1007/s13592-012-0157-6 https://doi.org/10.1007/s13592-012-0157-6]

Martins, C.C.C., Waldschmidt, A.M., Costa, M.A. Unprecedented record of ten novel B chromosomes in the stingless bee Partamona helleri (Apidae, Meliponini). Apidologie, 45 : pp 431-439. 2014. DOI: [10.1007/s13592-013-0257-y https://doi.org/10.1007/s13592-013-0257-y]

Miranda, R.V., Fernandes, A., Lopes, D.M. Karyotype description of Cephalotrigona femorata Smith (Hymenoptera: Apidae) and the C-banding pattern as a specific marker for Cephalotrigona. Sociobiology, 60 : pp 125-127. 2013. DOI: [10.13102/sociobiology.v60i1.125-127 https://doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v60i1.125-127]

Nascimento, R.M., Carvalho, A.F., Santana, W.C., Barth, A., Costa, M.A. Karyotype diversity of stingless bees of the genus Frieseomelitta (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Meliponini). Caryologia, 73 : pp 121-126. 2020. DOI: [10.13128/caryologia-610 https://doi.org/10.13128/caryologia-610]

Novaes, C.M., Cunha, M.S., Werneck, H.A., Fernandes, A., Campos, L.A.O., Lopes, D.M. Chromosome evolution in the genus Partamona (Apidae: Meliponini), with comments on B chromosome origin. Cytogenetic and Genome Research, 160 : pp 520-528. 2021a. DOI: [10.1159/000520552 https://doi.org/10.1159/000520552]

Novaes, C.M., Cunha, M.S., Clarindo, W.R., Tosta, V.C., SalomÃ£o-Fernades, T.M., Lopes, D.M. Inter- and intra-population B chromosome variability in Partamona helleri (Apidae: Meliponini). Apidologie, 52 : pp 1334-1345. 2021b. DOI: [10.1007/s13592-021-00904-3 https://doi.org/10.1007/s13592-021-00904-3]

Owen, R.E. Chromosome numbers of 15 North American bumble bee species (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Bombini). Canadian Journal of Genetics and Cytology, 25 : pp 26-29. 1983. DOI: [10.1139/g83-004 https://doi.org/10.1139/g83-004]

Owen, R.E., Richards, K.W., Wilkes, A. Chromosome numbers and karyotypic variation in bumble bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae; Bombini). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 68 : pp 290-302. 1995

Pereira, J.A., SalomÃ£o, T.M.F., Lopes, D.M. Different repetitive DNA sequences make up heterochromatin in Meliponini. Apidologie, 51 : pp 855-860. 2020. DOI: [10.1007/s13592-020-00766-1 https://doi.org/10.1007/s13592-020-00766-1]

Pereira, J.A., Travenzoli, N.M., Oliveira, M.P., Werneck, H.A., Fernandes-SalomÃ£o, T.M., Lopes, D.M. Molecular cytogenetics in the study of repetitive sequences helping to understand the evolution of heterochromatin in Melipona (Hymenoptera, Meliponini). Genetica, 149 : pp 55-62. 2021a. DOI: [10.1007/s10709-020-00111-5 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10709-020-00111-5]

Pereira, J.A., Milani, D., Ferretti, A.B.S.M., Bardella, V.B., Cabral-de-Mello, D.C., Lopes, D.M. The extensive amplification of heterochromatin in Melipona bees revealed by high throughput genomic and chromosomal analysis. Chromosoma, 130 : pp 251-262. 2021b. DOI: [10.1007/s00412-021-00764-x https://doi.org/10.1007/s00412-021-00764-x]

Pereira, J.A., Cabral-de-Mello, D.C., Lopes, D.M. The Satellite DNAs populating the genome of Trigona hyalinata and the sharing of a highly abundant satDNA in Trigona Genus. Genes, 14 : pp 418. 2023. DOI: [10.3390/genes14020418 https://doi.org/10.3390/genes14020418]

Piccoli, M.C.A., Bardella, V.B., Cabral-de-Mello, D.C. Repetitive DNAs in Melipona scutellaris (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Meliponidae): chromosomal distribution and test of multiple heterochromatin amplification in the genus. Apidologie, 49 : pp 497-504. 2018. DOI: [10.1007/s13592-018-0577-z https://doi.org/10.1007/s13592-018-0577-z]

Pompolo, S.G., Campos, L.A.O. Karyotypes of two species of stingless bees, Leurotrigona muelleri and Leurotrigona pusilla (Hymenoptera, Meliponinae). Revista Brasileira de Genética, 18 : pp 181-184. 1995

Rocha, M.P., Pompolo, S.G. Karyotypes and heterochromatin variation (C-bands) in Melipona species (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Meliponinae). Genetics and Molecular Biology, 21 : pp . 1998. DOI: [10.1590/S1415-47571998000100008 https://doi.org/10.1590/S1415-47571998000100008]

Rocha, M.P., Pompolo, S.G., Dergam, J.A., Fernandes, A., Campos, L.A.O. DNA characterization and karyotypic evolution in the bee genus Melipona (Hymenoptera, Meliponini). Hereditas, 136 : pp 19-27. 2002. DOI: [10.1034/j.1601-5223.2002.1360104.x https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1601-5223.2002.1360104.x]

Rocha, M.P., Pompolo, S.G., Campos, L.A.O. Citogenética da tribo Meliponini (Hymenoptera, Apidae). UNESC, Criciúma, : pp 311-320. 2003a

Rocha, M.P., Cruz, M.P., Fernandes, A., Waldschmidt, A.M., Silva-Junior, J.C., Pompolo, S.G. Longitudinal differentiation in Melipona mandacaia (Hymenoptera, Meliponini) chromosomes. Hereditas, 138 : pp 133-137. 2003b. DOI: [10.1034/j.1601-5223.2003.01699.x https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1601-5223.2003.01699.x]

Rocha, M.P., Pompolo, S.G., Fernandes, A., Campos, L.A.O. Melipona: Six decade of cytogenetic. Bioscience Journal, 23 : pp 111-117. 2007

Sahara, K., Marec, F., Traut, W. TTAGG telomeric repeats in chromosomes of some insects and other arthropods. Chromosome Research, 7 : pp 449-460. 1999. DOI: [10.1023/A:1009297729547 https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009297729547]

Santos, J.M.D., Diniz, D., Rodrigues, T.A.S., Cioffi, M.D.B., Waldschmidt, A.M. Heterochromatin distribution and chromosomal mapping of microsatellite repeats in the genome of Frieseomelitta stingless bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Meliponini). Florida Entomologist, 101 : pp 33-39. 2018. DOI: [10.1653/024.101.0107 https://doi.org/10.1653/024.101.0107]

Serra, R.S., Campos, L.A.O., SerrÃ£o, J.E. Evidence that workers recognize unfertilized queen-laid eggs for male production in stingless bees. Acta Zoologica, 104 : pp 118-124. 2023. DOI: [10.1111/azo.12401 https://doi.org/10.1111/azo.12401]

Silva, W.R.T., Araújo, E.D., Scher, R. Caracterização do cariótipo de uma população de abelhas Melipona quadrifasciata (Hymenoptera: Meliponini), no município de Brejo Grande/Se. Scientia Plena, 8 : pp 1-6. 2012

Silva, A.A., Rocha, M.P., Pompolo, S.G., Campos, L.A.O., Tavares, M.G. Karyotypic description of the stingless bee Melipona quinquefasciata Lepeletier, 1836 (Hymenoptera, Meliponini) with emphasis on the presence of B chromosomes. Comparative Cytogenetics, 12 : pp 471-482. 2018. DOI: [10.3897/CompCytogen.v12i4.29165 https://doi.org/10.3897/CompCytogen.v12i4.29165]

Stanimirovic, Z., Stevanovic, J., Andjelkovic, M. Chromosomal diversity in Apis mellifera carnica from Serbia. Apidologie, 36 : pp 31â€“42. 2005. DOI: [10.1051/apido:2004067 https://doi.org/10.1051/apido:2004067]

Stolle, E., Wilfert, L., Schmid-Hempel, R., Schmid-Hempel, P., Kube, M., Reinhardt, R., Moritz, R.F. A second generation genetic map of the bumblebee Bombus terrestris (Linnaeus, 1758) reveals slow genome and chromosome evolution in the Apidae. BMC Genomics, 12 : pp 48. 2011. DOI: [10.1186/1471-2164-12-48 https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-12-48]

Tambasco, A.J., Giannoni, M.A., Azevedo-Moreira, L.M. Analyses of G-bands in chromosomes of the Melipona quadrifasciata anthidioides Lepeletier (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Meliponinae). Cytologia, 44 : pp 21-27. 1979. DOI: [10.1508/cytologia.44.21 https://doi.org/10.1508/cytologia.44.21]

Tavares, M.G., Carvalho, C.R., Soares, F.A.F., Fernandes, A. Detection of diploid males in a natural colony of the cleptobiotic bee Lestrimelitta sp (Hymenoptera, Apidae). Genetics and Molecular Biology, 33 : pp 491-493. 2010a. DOI: [10.1590/S1415-47572010000300019 https://doi.org/10.1590/S1415-47572010000300019]

Tavares, M.G., Carvalho, C.R., Soares, F.A.F. Genome size variation in Melipona species (Hymenoptera: Apidae) and sub-grouping by their DNA content. Apidologie, 41 : pp 636-642. 2010b. DOI: [10.1051/apido/20010023 https://doi.org/10.1051/apido/20010023]

Tavares, M.G., Carvalho, C.R., Soares, F.A.F., Campos, L.A.O. Genome size diversity in stingless bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae, Meliponini). Apidologie, 43 : pp 731-736. 2012. DOI: [10.1007/s13592-012-0145-x https://doi.org/10.1007/s13592-012-0145-x]

Tavares, M.G., Ferreira, R.P., Travenzoli, N.M., Lopes, D.M. Karyotypic variation in the stingless bee Trigona spinipes (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Meliponini) from different geographical regions of Brazil. Apidologie, 52 : pp 1358-1367. 2021. DOI: [10.1007/s13592-021-00906-1 https://doi.org/10.1007/s13592-021-00906-1]

Tavares, M.G., Oliveira, E.R., Elizeu, A.M., Novaes, C.M., Travenzoli, N.M., Lopes, D.M. Comparative molecular cytogenetics in five species of stingless bees (Hymenoptera, Apidae). Zoologischer Anzeiger, 302 : pp 37-42. 2023. DOI: [10.1016/j.jcz.2022.11.008 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcz.2022.11.008]

Teixeira, G.A., Ferreira, R.P., Lopes, D.M. Comparative cytogenetic analysis reveals chromosomal variability in five stingless bees of the genus Trigona (Apidae, Apinae, Meliponini). Apidologie, 54 : pp 22. 2023. DOI: [10.1007/s13592-023-01002-2 https://doi.org/10.1007/s13592-023-01002-2]

Tosta, V.C., Fernandes-Salomão, T.M., Tavares, M.G., Pompolo, S.G., Barros, E.G., Campos, L.A.O. A RAPD marker associated with B chromosomes in Partamona helleri (Hymenoptera, Apidae). Cytogenetic and Genome Research, 106 : pp 279-283. 2004. DOI: [10.1159/000079299 https://doi.org/10.1159/000079299]

Tosta, V.C., Tavares, M.G., Fernandes-Salomão, T.M., Barros, E.G., Campos, L.A.O., Camacho, J.P.M. Development of a SCAR marker for the analysis of B chromosome presence in Partamona helleri (Hymenoptera, Apidae). Cytogenetic and Genome Research, 116 : pp 127-129. 2007. DOI: [10.1159/000097430 https://doi.org/10.1159/000097430]

Tosta, V.C., Marthe, J.B., Tavares, M.G., Fernandes-Salomão, T.M., Pompolo, S.G., Recco-Pimentel, S.M., Perfectti, F., Campos, L.A.O., Camacho, J.P.M. Possible introgression of B chromosomes between bee species (genus Partamona). Cytogenetic and Genome Research, 144 : pp 220-226. 2014. DOI: [10.1159/000370171 https://doi.org/10.1159/000370171]

Travenzoli, N.M., Lima, B.A., Cardoso, D.C., Dergam, J.A., Fernandes-SalomÃ£o, T.M., Lopes, D.M. Cytogenetic analysis and chromosomal mapping of repetitive DNA in Melipona species (Hymenoptera, Meliponini). Cytogenetic and Genome Research, 158 : pp 213-224. 2019a. DOI: [10.1159/000501754 https://doi.org/10.1159/000501754]

Travenzoli, N.M., Barbosa, I.C.O., Carvalho-Zilse, G.A., SalomÃ£o, T.M.F., Lopes, D.M. Karyotypic description and repetitive DNA chromosome mapping of Melipona interrupta Latreille, 1811 (Hymenoptera: Meliponini). Caryologia, 72 : pp 91-95. 2019b. DOI: [10.13128/cayologia-239 https://doi.org/10.13128/cayologia-239]

Travenzoli, N.M., Cunha, M.S., Teixeira, L.V., Brito, R.M., Oldroyd, B., Campos, L.A.O., Lopes, D.M. Cytogenetic characterization of Austroplebeia australis: evolutionary hints from a stingless bee outside the Neotropical region. Apidologie, 53 : pp 64. 2022. DOI: [10.1007/s13592-022-00969-8 https://doi.org/10.1007/s13592-022-00969-8]

Wilfert, L., Gadau, J., Schmid-Hempel, P. A core linkage map of the bumblebee Bombus terrestris. Genome, 49 : pp 1215-1226. 2006. DOI: [10.1139/g06-075 https://doi.org/10.1139/g06-075]

Bee Chromosome Database

Apinae

Cytogenetic data

Histogram

Bibliography